Summary: CheR methyltransferase, SAM binding domain

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Wikipedia: Protein-glutamate O-methyltransferase
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Protein-glutamate O-methyltransferase

protein-glutamate O-methyltransferase

Identifiers

Databases

PDB structures

AmiGO / EGO

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PMC	articles
PubMed	articles

CheR methyltransferase, all-alpha domain

chemotaxis receptor recognition by protein methyltransferase cher

Identifiers

Symbol

CheR_N

Available protein structures:
Pfam	structures
PDB	RCSB PDB; PDBe
PDBsum	structure summary

CheR methyltransferase, SAM binding domain

chemotaxis receptor recognition by protein methyltransferase cher

Identifiers

Symbol

CheR

Pfam clan

Available protein structures:
Pfam	structures
PDB	RCSB PDB; PDBe
PDBsum	structure summary

In enzymology, a protein-glutamate O-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.80) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

S-adenosyl-L-methionine + protein L-glutamate $\rightleftharpoons$ S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + protein L-glutamate methyl ester

Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are S-adenosyl methionine and protein L-glutamic acid, whereas its two products are S-adenosylhomocysteine and protein L-glutamate methyl ester.

This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring one-carbon group methyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is S-adenosyl-L-methionine:protein-L-glutamate O-methyltransferase. Other names in common use include methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein O-methyltransferase, S-adenosylmethionine-glutamyl methyltransferase, methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein methyltransferase II, S-adenosylmethionine:protein-carboxyl O-methyltransferase, protein methylase II, MCP methyltransferase I, MCP methyltransferase II, protein O-methyltransferase, protein(aspartate)methyltransferase, protein(carboxyl)methyltransferase, protein carboxyl-methylase, protein carboxyl-O-methyltransferase, protein carboxylmethyltransferase II, protein carboxymethylase, protein carboxymethyltransferase, and protein methyltransferase II. This enzyme participates in bacterial chemotaxis - general and bacterial chemotaxis - organism-specific.

CheR proteins are part of the chemotaxis signaling mechanism which methylates the chemotaxis receptor at specific glutamate residues. Methyl transfer from the ubiquitous S-adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet/SAM) to either nitrogen, oxygen or carbon atoms is frequently employed in diverse organisms ranging from bacteria to plants and mammals. The reaction is catalysed by methyltransferases (Mtases) and modifies DNA, RNA, proteins and small molecules, such as catechol for regulatory purposes. The various aspects of the role of DNA methylation in prokaryotic restriction-modification systems and in a number of cellular processes in eukaryotes including gene regulation and differentiation is well documented.

Flagellated bacteria swim towards favourable chemicals and away from deleterious ones. Sensing of chemoeffector gradients involves chemotaxis receptors, transmembrane (TM) proteins that detect stimuli through their periplasmic domains and transduce the signals via their cytoplasmic domains .^[1] Signalling outputs from these receptors are influenced both by the binding of the chemoeffector ligand to their periplasmic domains and by methylation of specific glutamate residues on their cytoplasmic domains. Methylation is catalysed by CheR, an S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyltransferase,^[1] which reversibly methylates specific glutamate residues within a coiled coil region, to form gamma-glutamyl methyl ester residues.^[1]^[2] The structure of the Salmonella typhimurium chemotaxis receptor methyltransferase CheR, bound to S-adenosylhomocysteine, has been determined to a resolution of 2.0 Angstrom.^[1] The structure reveals CheR to be a two-domain protein, with a smaller N-terminal helical domain linked via a single polypeptide connection to a larger C-terminal alpha/beta domain. The C-terminal domain has the characteristics of a nucleotide-binding fold, with an insertion of a small anti-parallel beta-sheet subdomain. The S-adenosylhomocysteine-binding site is formed mainly by the large domain, with contributions from residues within the N-terminal domain and the linker region.^[1]

Structural studies

As of late 2007, two structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes 1AF7 and 1BC5.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Djordjevic S, Stock AM (April 1997). "Crystal structure of the chemotaxis receptor methyltransferase CheR suggests a conserved structural motif for binding S-adenosylmethionine". Structure 5 (4): 545–58. doi:10.1016/S0969-2126(97)00210-4. PMID 9115443.
^ Djordjevic S, Stock AM (June 1998). "Chemotaxis receptor recognition by protein methyltransferase CheR". Nat. Struct. Biol. 5 (6): 446–50. doi:10.1038/nsb0698-446. PMID 9628482.

CheR methyltransferase, SAM binding domain

CheR proteins are part of the chemotaxis signaling mechanism in bacteria. CheR methylates the chemotaxis receptor at specific glutamate residues. CheR is an S-adenosylmethionine- dependent methyltransferase - the C-terminal domain (this one) binds SAM.

Literature references

Djordjevic S, Stock AM; , Structure 1997;5:545-558.: Crystal structure of the chemotaxis receptor methyltransferase CheR suggests a conserved structural motif for binding S-adenosylmethionine. PUBMED:9115443

Clan

This family is a member of clan NADP_Rossmann (CL0063), which has a total of 178 members.

Internal database links

Similarity to PfamA using HHSearch:

Pox_MCEL Methyltransf_11 Methyltransf_12 Methyltransf_18 Methyltransf_25 Methyltransf_31

External database links

PANDIT:	PF01739
Pseudofam:	PF01739
SCOP:	1af7
SYSTERS:	CheR

This tab holds annotation information from the InterPro database.

InterPro entry IPR022642

Methyl transfer from the ubiquitous S-adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet) to either nitrogen, oxygen or carbon atoms is frequently employed in diverse organisms ranging from bacteria to plants and mammals. The reaction is catalysed by methyltransferases (Mtases) and modifies DNA, RNA, proteins and small molecules, such as catechol for regulatory purposes. The various aspects of the role of DNA methylation in prokaryotic restriction-modification systems and in a number of cellular processes in eukaryotes including gene regulation and differentiation is well documented.

Three classes of DNA Mtases transfer the methyl group from AdoMet to the target base to form either N-6-methyladenine, or N-4-methylcytosine, or C-5- methylcytosine. In C-5-cytosine Mtases, ten conserved motifs are arranged in the same order [PUBMED:8127644]. Motif I (a glycine-rich or closely related consensus sequence; FAGxGG in M.HhaI [PUBMED:8343957]), shared by other AdoMet-Mtases [PUBMED:2684970], is part of the cofactor binding site and motif IV (PCQ) is part of the catalytic site. In contrast, sequence comparison among N-6-adenine and N-4-cytosine Mtases indicated two of the conserved segments [PUBMED:2690010], although more conserved segments may be present. One of them corresponds to motif I in C-5-cytosine Mtases, and the other is named (D/N/S)PP(Y/F). Crystal structures are known for a number of Mtases [PUBMED:7607476, PUBMED:8343957, PUBMED:8127644, PUBMED:7971991]. The cofactor binding sites are almost identical and the essential catalytic amino acids coincide. The comparable protein folding and the existence of equivalent amino acids in similar secondary and tertiary positions indicate that many (if not all) AdoMet-Mtases have a common catalytic domain structure. This permits tertiary structure prediction of other DNA, RNA, protein, and small-molecule AdoMet-Mtases from their amino acid sequences [PUBMED:7897657].

Flagellated bacteria swim towards favourable chemicals and away from deleterious ones. Sensing of chemoeffector gradients involves chemotaxis receptors, transmembrane (TM) proteins that detect stimuli through their periplasmic domains and transduce the signals via their cytoplasmic domains [PUBMED:9115443]. Signalling outputs from these receptors are influenced both by the binding of the chemoeffector ligand to their periplasmic domains and by methylation of specific glutamate residues on their cytoplasmic domains. Methylation is catalysed by CheR, an S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyltransferase [PUBMED:9115443], which reversibly methylates specific glutamate residues within a coiled coil region, to form gamma-glutamyl methyl ester residues [PUBMED:9115443, PUBMED:9628482]. The structure of the Salmonella typhimurium chemotaxis receptor methyltransferase CheR, bound to S-adenosylhomocysteine, has been determined to a resolution of 2.0 A [PUBMED:9115443]. The structure reveals CheR to be a two-domain protein, with a smaller N-terminal helical domain linked via a single polypeptide connection to a larger C-terminal alpha/beta domain. The C-terminal domain has the characteristics of a nucleotide-binding fold, with an insertion of a small anti-parallel beta-sheet subdomain. The S-adenosylhomocysteine-binding site is formed mainly by the large domain, with contributions from residues within the N-terminal domain and the linker region [PUBMED:9115443].

CheR proteins are part of the chemotaxis signaling mechanism which methylates the chemotaxis receptor at specific glutamate residues. This entry refers to the C-terminal SAM-binding domain of the CherR-type MCP methyltransferases, which are found in bacteria, archaea and green plants. This entry is found in association with .

Domain organisation

Below is a listing of the unique domain organisations or architectures in which this domain is found. More...

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Pfam Clan

This family is a member of clan NADP_Rossmann (CL0063), which contains the following 178 members:

2-Hacid_dh_C 3Beta_HSD 3HCDH_N adh_short adh_short_C2 ADH_zinc_N ADH_zinc_N_2 AdoHcyase_NAD AdoMet_MTase AlaDh_PNT_C Amino_oxidase ApbA AviRa Bac_GDH Bin3 CheR CMAS CmcI CoA_binding CoA_binding_2 CoA_binding_3 Cons_hypoth95 DAO DapB_N DFP DNA_circ_N DNA_methylase DOT1 DREV dTMP_synthase DUF1442 DUF1776 DUF2431 DUF268 DUF3321 DUF43 DUF519 DUF633 DUF938 DXP_redisom_C DXP_reductoisom Eco57I ELFV_dehydrog Eno-Rase_FAD_bd Eno-Rase_NADH_b Enoyl_reductase Epimerase F420_oxidored FAD_binding_2 FAD_binding_3 FAD_oxidored Fibrillarin FMO-like FmrO FtsJ G-7-MTase G6PD_N GCD14 GDI GFO_IDH_MocA GIDA GidB GLF Glyco_hydro_4 GMC_oxred_N Gp_dh_N GRDA HI0933_like HIM1 IlvN K_oxygenase KR LCM Ldh_1_N Lycopene_cycl Malic_M Mannitol_dh Met_10 Methyltrans_Mon Methyltrans_SAM Methyltransf_10 Methyltransf_11 Methyltransf_12 Methyltransf_15 Methyltransf_16 Methyltransf_17 Methyltransf_18 Methyltransf_19 Methyltransf_2 Methyltransf_20 Methyltransf_21 Methyltransf_22 Methyltransf_23 Methyltransf_24 Methyltransf_25 Methyltransf_26 Methyltransf_27 Methyltransf_28 Methyltransf_29 Methyltransf_3 Methyltransf_30 Methyltransf_31 Methyltransf_32 Methyltransf_4 Methyltransf_5 Methyltransf_7 Methyltransf_8 Methyltransf_9 Methyltransf_PK MethyltransfD12 MetW Mg-por_mtran_C Mqo MT-A70 MTS Mur_ligase N2227 N6-adenineMlase N6_Mtase N6_N4_Mtase NAD_binding_10 NAD_binding_2 NAD_binding_3 NAD_binding_4 NAD_binding_5 NAD_binding_7 NAD_binding_8 NAD_binding_9 NAD_Gly3P_dh_N NAS NmrA NNMT_PNMT_TEMT NodS Nol1_Nop2_Fmu Nol1_Nop2_Fmu_2 NSP13 OCD_Mu_crystall PARP_regulatory PCMT PDH Polysacc_synt_2 Pox_MCEL Prenylcys_lyase PrmA PRMT5 Pyr_redox Pyr_redox_2 Pyr_redox_3 RmlD_sub_bind Rossmann-like rRNA_methylase RrnaAD Rsm22 Saccharop_dh SAM_MT SE Semialdhyde_dh Shikimate_DH Spermine_synth Strep_67kDa_ant TehB THF_DHG_CYH_C Thi4 ThiF TPMT TrkA_N TRM TRM13 tRNA_U5-meth_tr Trp_halogenase TylF Ubie_methyltran UDPG_MGDP_dh_N UPF0020 UPF0146 V_cholerae_RfbT XdhC_C YjeF_N

Alignments

There are various ways to view or download the sequence alignments that we store. You can use a sequence viewer to look at either the seed or full alignment for the family, or you can look at a plain text version of the sequence in a variety of different formats. More...

View options

Alignment:	Seed (22) Full (2658) NCBI (2653) Metagenomics (543)
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Formatting options

Alignment:	Seed (22) Full (2658)
Format:
Order:	Tree Alphabetical
Sequence:	Inserts lower case All upper case
Gaps:
Download/view:	Download View

Download options

Very large alignments can often cause problems for the formatting tool above. If you find that downloading or viewing a large alignment is problematic, you can also download a gzip-compressed, Stockholm-format file containing the seed or full alignment for this family.

You can also download a FASTA format file containing the full-length sequences for all sequences in the full alignment.

The main seed and full alignments are generated using sequences from the UniProt sequence database. However, we also generate alignments using sequences from the NCBI sequence database and the "metaseq" metagenomics dataset.

You can view alignments from these two additional datasets using the form above, or you can download alignments of NCBI or metagenomics sequences, as gzip-compressed files.

Pfam alignments:	Seed (22) Full (2658) NCBI (2653) Metagenomics (543)
Full length sequences	Full-sequences (2658)

External links

MyHits provides a collection of tools to handle multiple sequence alignments. For example, one can refine a seed alignment (sequence addition or removal, re-alignment or manual edition) and then search databases for remote homologs using HMMER3.

HMM logo

HMM logos is one way of visualising profile HMMs. Logos provide a quick overview of the properties of an HMM in a graphical form. You can see a more detailed description of HMM logos and find out how you can interpret them here. More...

Trees

This page displays the phylogenetic tree for this family. We use FastTree to calculate neighbour join trees with a local bootstrap based on 100 resamples (shown next to the tree nodes). FastTree calculates approximately-maximum-likelihood phylogenetic trees from our seed or full alignments.

Note: You can also download the data files for the seed, full, NCBI or metagenomics trees.

Curation and family details

This section shows the detailed information about the Pfam family. You can see the definitions of many of the terms in this section in the glossary and a fuller explanation of the scoring system that we use in the scores section of the help pages.

Curation

Seed source:

Pfam-B_694 (release 4.2)

Previous IDs:

none

Type:

Domain

Author:

Bateman A, Griffiths-Jones SR

Number in seed:

22

Number in full:

2658

Average length of the domain:

191.50 aa

Average identity of full alignment:

31 %

Average coverage of the sequence by the domain:

47.19 %

HMM information

HMM build commands:

build method: hmmbuild -o /dev/null HMM SEED

search method: hmmsearch -Z 15929002 -E 1000 --cpu 4 HMM pfamseq

Model details:

Parameter	Sequence	Domain
Gathering cut-off	20.3	20.3
Trusted cut-off	20.3	20.3
Noise cut-off	20.2	20.2

Model length:

196

Family (HMM) version:

13

Download:

download the raw HMM for this family

Species distribution

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Colour assignments

Archea	Eukaryota
Bacteria	Other sequences
Viruses	Unclassified
Viroids	Unclassified sequence

This visualisation provides a simple graphical representation of the distribution of this family across species. You can find the original interactive tree in the adjacent tab if you need to select sub-trees and view sequence alignments. More...

This chart is a modified "sunburst" visualisation of the species tree for this family. It shows each node in the tree as a separate arc, arranged radially with the superkingdoms at the centre and the species arrayed around the outermost ring.

How the sunburst is generated

The tree is built by considering the taxonomic lineage of each sequence that has a match to this family. For each node in the resulting tree, we draw an arc in the sunburst. The radius of the arc, it's distance from the root node at the centre of the sunburst, shows the taxonomic level ("superkingdom", "kingdom", etc). The length of the arc represents either the number of sequences represented at a given level, or the number of species that are found beneath the node in the tree. The weighting scheme can be changed using the sunburst controls.

In order to reduce the complexity of the representation, we reduce the number of taxonomic levels that we show. We consider only the following eight major taxonomic levels:

superkingdom
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species

Colouring and labels

Segments of the tree are coloured approximately according to their superkingdom. For example, archeal branches are coloured with shades of orange, eukaryotes in shades of purple, etc. The colour assignments are shown under the sunburst controls. Where space allows, the name of the taxonomic level will be written on the arc itself.

As you move your mouse across the sunburst, the current node will be highlighted. In the top section of the controls panel we show a summary of the lineage of the currently highlighed node. If you pause over an arc, a tooltip will be shown, giving the name of the taxonomic level in the title and a summary of the number of sequences and species below that node in the tree.

Anomalies in the taxonomy tree

There are some situations that the sunburst tree cannot easily handle and for which we have work-arounds in place.

Missing taxonomic levels

Some species in the taxonomic tree may not have one or more of the main eight levels that we display. For example, Bos taurus is not assigned an order in the NCBI taxonomic tree. In such cases we mark the omitted level with, for example, "No order", in both the tooltip and the lineage summary.

Unmapped species names

The tree is built by looking at each sequence in the full alignment for the family. We take the name of the species given by UniProt and try to map that to the full taxonomic tree from NCBI. In some cases, the name chosen by UniProt does not map to any node in the NCBI tree, perhaps because the chosen name is listed as a synonym or a misspelling in the NCBI taxonomy.

So that these nodes are not simply omitted from the sunburst tree, we group them together in a separate branch (or segment of the sunburst tree). Since we cannot determine the lineage for these unmapped species, we show all levels between the superkingdom and the species as "uncategorised".

Sub-species

Since we reduce the species tree to only the eight main taxonomic levels, sequences that are mapped to the sub-species level in the tree would not normally be shown. Rather than leave out these species, we map them instead to their parent species. So, for example, for sequences belonging to one of the Vibrio cholerae sub-species in the NCBI taxonomy, we show them instead as belonging to the species Vibrio cholerae.

Too many species/sequences

For large species trees, you may see blank regions in the outer layers of the sunburst. These occur when there are large numbers of arcs to be drawn in a small space. If an arc is less than approximately one pixel wide, it will not be drawn and the space will be left blank. You may still be able to get some information about the species in that region by moving your mouse across the area, but since each arc will be very small, it will be difficult to accurately locate a particular species.

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Species trees

We show the species tree in one of two ways. For smaller trees we try to show an interactive representation, which allows you to select specific nodes in the tree and view them as an alignment or as a set of Pfam domain graphics.

Unfortunately we have found that there are problems viewing the interactive tree when the it becomes larger than a certain limit. Furthermore, we have found that Internet Explorer can become unresponsive when viewing some trees, regardless of their size. We therefore show a text representation of the species tree when the size is above a certain limit or if you are using Internet Explorer to view the site.

If you are using IE you can still load the interactive tree by clicking the "Generate interactive tree" button, but please be aware of the potential problems that the interactive species tree can cause.

Interactive tree

For all of the domain matches in a full alignment, we count the number that are found on all sequences in the alignment. This total is shown in the purple box.

We also count the number of unique sequences on which each domain is found, which is shown in green. Note that a domain may appear multiple times on the same sequence, leading to the difference between these two numbers.

Finally, we group sequences from the same organism according to the NCBI code that is assigned by UniProt, allowing us to count the number of distinct sequences on which the domain is found. This value is shown in the pink boxes.

We use the NCBI species tree to group organisms according to their taxonomy and this forms the structure of the displayed tree. Note that in some cases the trees are too large (have too many nodes) to allow us to build an interactive tree, but in most cases you can still view the tree in a plain text, non-interactive representation. Those species which are represented in the seed alignment for this domain are highlighted.

You can use the tree controls to manipulate how the interactive tree is displayed:

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Interactions

There is 1 interaction for this family. More...

CheR_N

Family: CheR (PF01739)

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Summary: CheR methyltransferase, SAM binding domain

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Protein-glutamate O-methyltransferase

Structural studies

References

Further reading

CheR methyltransferase, SAM binding domain

Literature references

Clan

Internal database links

External database links

InterPro entry IPR022642

Domain organisation

Pfam Clan

Alignments

Viewing

Downloading

View options

Formatting options

Download options

External links

HMM logo

Trees

Curation and family details

Curation

HMM information

Species distribution

Sunburst controls

Weight segments by...

Change the size of the sunburst

Colour assignments

How the sunburst is generated

Colouring and labels

Anomalies in the taxonomy tree

Missing taxonomic levels

Unmapped species names

Sub-species

Too many species/sequences

Tree controls

Annotation

Download tree

Selected sequences

Species trees

Interactive tree

Interactions