Summary: ABC transporter

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Wikipedia: ATP-binding domain of ABC transporters
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ATP-binding domain of ABC transporters

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Multidrug ABC transporter SAV1866, closed state

Identifiers

Symbol

ABC_tran

Available protein structures:
Pfam	structures
PDB	RCSB PDB; PDBe
PDBsum	structure summary

In molecular biology, ATP-binding domain of ABC transporters is a water-soluble domain of transmembrane ABC transporters.

ABC transporters belong to the ATP-Binding Cassette superfamily, which uses the hydrolysis of ATP to translocate a variety of compounds across biological membranes. ABC transporters are minimally constituted of two conserved regions: a highly conserved ATP binding cassette (ABC) and a less conserved transmembrane domain (TMD). These regions can be found on the same protein or on two different ones. Most ABC transporters function as a dimer and therefore are constituted of four domains, two ABC modules and two TMDs.

[edit] Biological function

ABC transporters are involved in the export or import of a wide variety of substrates ranging from small ions to macromolecules. The major function of ABC import systems is to provide essential nutrients to bacteria. They are found only in prokaryotes and their four constitutive domains are usually encoded by independent polypeptides (two ABC proteins and two TMD proteins). Prokaryotic importers require additional extracytoplasmic binding proteins (one or more per systems) for function. In contrast, export systems are involved in the extrusion of noxious substances, the export of extracellular toxins and the targeting of membrane components. They are found in all living organisms and in general the TMD is fused to the ABC module in a variety of combinations. Some eukaryotic exporters encode the four domains on the same polypeptide chain.

[edit] Amino acid sequence

The ABC module (approximately two hundred amino acid residues) is known to bind and hydrolyze ATP, thereby coupling transport to ATP hydrolysis in a large number of biological processes. The cassette is duplicated in several subfamilies. Its primary sequence is highly conserved, displaying a typical phosphate-binding loop: Walker A, and a magnesium binding site: Walker B. Besides these two regions, three other conserved motifs are present in the ABC cassette: the switch region which contains a histidine loop, postulated to polarize the attacking water molecule for hydrolysis, the signature conserved motif (LSGGQ) specific to the ABC transporter, and the Q-motif (between Walker A and the signature), which interacts with the gamma phosphate through a water bond. The Walker A, Walker B, Q-loop and switch region form the nucleotide binding site.

[edit] 3D structure

The 3D structure of a monomeric ABC module adopts a stubby L-shape with two distinct arms.^[1]^[2] ArmI (mainly beta-strand) contains Walker A and Walker B. The important residues for ATP hydrolysis and/or binding are located in the P-loop. The ATP-binding pocket is located at the extremity of armI. The perpendicular armII contains mostly the alpha helical subdomain with the signature motif. It only seems to be required for structural integrity of the ABC module. ArmII is in direct contact with the TMD. The hinge between armI and armII contains both the histidine loop and the Q-loop, making contact with the gamma phosphate of the ATP molecule. ATP hydrolysis leads to a conformational change that could facilitate ADP release. In the dimer the two ABC cassettes contact each other through hydrophobic interactions at the antiparallel beta-sheet of armI by a two-fold axis.

[edit] Human proteins containing this domain

ABCA1; ABCA10; ABCA12; ABCA13; ABCA2; ABCA3; ABCA4; ABCA5; ABCA6; ABCA7; ABCA8; ABCA9; ABCB1; ABCB10; ABCB11; ABCB4; ABCB5; ABCB6; ABCB7; ABCB8; ABCB9; ABCC1; ABCC10; ABCC11; ABCC12; ABCC2; ABCC3; ABCC4; ABCC5; ABCC6; ABCC8; ABCC9; ABCD1; ABCD2; ABCD3; ABCD4; ABCE1; ABCF1; ABCF2; ABCF3; ABCG1; ABCG2; ABCG4; ABCG5; ABCG8; CFTR; MRP3; TAP1; TAP2; TAPL;

[edit] References

^ Hung LW, Wang IX, Nikaido K, Liu PQ, Ames GF, Kim SH (December 1998). "Crystal structure of the ATP-binding subunit of an ABC transporter". Nature 396 (6712): 703–7. doi:10.1038/25393. PMID 9872322.
^ Hollenstein K, Dawson RJ, Locher KP (August 2007). "Structure and mechanism of ABC transporter proteins". Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 17 (4): 412–8. doi:10.1016/j.sbi.2007.07.003. PMID 17723295.

Homology between proteins controlling Streptomyces fradiae tylosin resistance and ATP-binding transport. Rosteck PR Jr, Reynolds PA, Hershberger CL; Gene 1991;102:27-32. PubMed
Structure and function of haemolysin B,P-glycoprotein and other members of a novel family of membrane translocators. Blight MA, Holland IB; Mol Microbiol 1990;4:873-880. PubMed
Binding protein-dependent transport systems. Higgins CF, Hyde SC, Mimmack MM, Gileadi U, Gill DR, Gallagher MP; J Bioenerg Biomembr 1990;22:571-592. PubMed

This page is based on a Wikipedia article. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.

This tab holds the annotation information that is stored in the Pfam database. As we move to using Wikipedia as our main source of annotation, the contents of this tab will be gradually replaced by the Wikipedia tab.

ABC transporter

ABC transporters for a large family of proteins responsible for translocation of a variety of compounds across biological membranes. ABC transporters are the largest family of proteins in many completely sequenced bacteria. ABC transporters are composed of two copies of this domain and two copies of a transmembrane domain PF00664. These four domains may belong to a single polypeptide as in P13569 or belong in different polypeptide chains.

Literature references

Rosteck PR Jr, Reynolds PA, Hershberger CL; , Gene 1991;102:27-32.: Homology between proteins controlling Streptomyces fradiae tylosin resistance and ATP-binding transport. PUBMED:1864505
Blight MA, Holland IB; , Mol Microbiol 1990;4:873-880.: Structure and function of haemolysin B,P-glycoprotein and other members of a novel family of membrane translocators. PUBMED:1977073
Higgins CF, Hyde SC, Mimmack MM, Gileadi U, Gill DR, Gallagher MP; , J Bioenerg Biomembr 1990;22:571-592.: Binding protein-dependent transport systems. PUBMED:2229036
Hung LW, Wang IX, Nikaido K, Liu PQ, Ames GF, Kim SH; , Nature 1998;396:703-707.: Crystal structure of the ATP-binding subunit of an ABC transporter. PUBMED:9872322

Clan

This family is a member of clan P-loop_NTPase (CL0023), which has a total of 193 members.

External database links

HOMSTRAD:	ABC_tran
PANDIT:	PF00005
PROSITE:	PDOC00185
Pseudofam:	PF00005
SCOP:	1b0u
SYSTERS:	ABC_tran
Transporter classification:	3.A.1

This tab holds annotation information from the InterPro database.

InterPro entry IPR003439

ABC transporters belong to the ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) superfamily, which uses the hydrolysis of ATP to energise diverse biological systems. ABC transporters minimally consist of two conserved regions: a highly conserved ATP binding cassette (ABC) and a less conserved transmembrane domain (TMD). These can be found on the same protein or on two different ones. Most ABC transporters function as a dimer and therefore are constituted of four domains, two ABC modules and two TMDs.

ABC transporters are involved in the export or import of a wide variety of substrates ranging from small ions to macromolecules. The major function of ABC import systems is to provide essential nutrients to bacteria. They are found only in prokaryotes and their four constitutive domains are usually encoded by independent polypeptides (two ABC proteins and two TMD proteins). Prokaryotic importers require additional extracytoplasmic binding proteins (one or more per systems) for function. In contrast, export systems are involved in the extrusion of noxious substances, the export of extracellular toxins and the targeting of membrane components. They are found in all living organisms and in general the TMD is fused to the ABC module in a variety of combinations. Some eukaryotic exporters encode the four domains on the same polypeptide chain [PUBMED:9873074].

The ABC module (approximately two hundred amino acid residues) is known to bind and hydrolyse ATP, thereby coupling transport to ATP hydrolysis in a large number of biological processes. The cassette is duplicated in several subfamilies. Its primary sequence is highly conserved, displaying a typical phosphate-binding loop: Walker A, and a magnesium binding site: Walker B. Besides these two regions, three other conserved motifs are present in the ABC cassette: the switch region which contains a histidine loop, postulated to polarise the attaching water molecule for hydrolysis, the signature conserved motif (LSGGQ) specific to the ABC transporter, and the Q-motif (between Walker A and the signature), which interacts with the gamma phosphate through a water bond. The Walker A, Walker B, Q-loop and switch region form the nucleotide binding site [PUBMED:11421269, PUBMED:1282354, PUBMED:9640644].

The 3D structure of a monomeric ABC module adopts a stubby L-shape with two distinct arms. ArmI (mainly beta-strand) contains Walker A and Walker B. The important residues for ATP hydrolysis and/or binding are located in the P-loop. The ATP-binding pocket is located at the extremity of armI. The perpendicular armII contains mostly the alpha helical subdomain with the signature motif. It only seems to be required for structural integrity of the ABC module. ArmII is in direct contact with the TMD. The hinge between armI and armII contains both the histidine loop and the Q-loop, making contact with the gamma phosphate of the ATP molecule. ATP hydrolysis leads to a conformational change that could facilitate ADP release. In the dimer the two ABC cassettes contact each other through hydrophobic interactions at the antiparallel beta-sheet of armI by a two-fold axis [PUBMED:11988180, PUBMED:11470432, PUBMED:11402022, PUBMED:9872322, PUBMED:11080142, PUBMED:11532960].

The ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) superfamily forms one of the largest of all protein families with a diversity of physiological functions [PUBMED:9873074]. Several studies have shown that there is a correlation between the functional characterisation and the phylogenetic classification of the ABC cassette [PUBMED:9873074, PUBMED:11421270]. More than 50 subfamilies have been described based on a phylogenetic and functional classification [PUBMED:9873074, PUBMED:11421269, PUBMED:11421270]; (for further information see http://www.tcdb.org/tcdb/index.php?tc=3.A.1).

On the basis of sequence similarities a family of related ATP-binding proteins has been characterised [PUBMED:2229036, PUBMED:3288195, PUBMED:3762694, PUBMED:3762695, PUBMED:1977073].

The proteins belonging to this family also contain one or two copies of the 'A' consensus sequence [PUBMED:6329717] or the 'P-loop' [PUBMED:2126155] (see INTERPRO).

Gene Ontology

The mapping between Pfam and Gene Ontology is provided by InterPro. If you use this data please cite InterPro.

Molecular function	ATP binding (GO:0005524)
	ATPase activity (GO:0016887)

Domain organisation

Below is a listing of the unique domain organisations or architectures in which this domain is found. More...

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Pfam Clan

This family is a member of clan P-loop_NTPase (CL0023), which contains the following 193 members:

6PF2K AAA AAA-ATPase_like AAA_10 AAA_11 AAA_12 AAA_13 AAA_14 AAA_15 AAA_16 AAA_17 AAA_18 AAA_19 AAA_2 AAA_21 AAA_22 AAA_23 AAA_24 AAA_25 AAA_26 AAA_27 AAA_28 AAA_29 AAA_3 AAA_30 AAA_31 AAA_32 AAA_33 AAA_34 AAA_4 AAA_5 AAA_6 AAA_7 AAA_8 AAA_9 AAA_PrkA ABC_ATPase ABC_tran ABC_tran_2 Adeno_IVa2 Adenylsucc_synt ADK AFG1_ATPase AIG1 APS_kinase Arch_ATPase Arf ArgK ArsA_ATPase ATP-synt_ab ATP_bind_1 ATP_bind_2 Bac_DnaA CbiA CoaE CobA_CobO_BtuR CobU cobW CPT CTP_synth_N Cytidylate_kin Cytidylate_kin2 DAP3 DEAD DEAD_2 DLIC DNA_pack_C DNA_pack_N DNA_pol3_delta DNA_pol3_delta2 DnaB_C dNK DUF1253 DUF1611 DUF2075 DUF2478 DUF258 DUF2791 DUF2813 DUF3584 DUF463 DUF815 DUF853 DUF87 DUF927 Dynamin_N Exonuc_V_gamma FeoB_N Fer4_NifH Flavi_DEAD FTHFS FtsK_SpoIIIE G-alpha Gal-3-0_sulfotr GBP GTP_EFTU Gtr1_RagA Guanylate_kin GvpD HDA2-3 Helicase_C Helicase_C_2 Helicase_C_4 Helicase_RecD Herpes_Helicase Herpes_ori_bp Herpes_TK IIGP IPPT IPT IstB_IS21 KaiC KAP_NTPase Kinesin Kinesin-relat_1 Kinesin-related KTI12 LpxK MCM MEDS Mg_chelatase Mg_chelatase_2 MipZ Miro MMR_HSR1 MobB MukB MutS_V Myosin_head NACHT NB-ARC NOG1 NTPase_1 ParA Parvo_NS1 PAXNEB PduV-EutP PhoH PIF1 Podovirus_Gp16 Polyoma_lg_T_C Pox_A32 PPK2 PPV_E1_C PRK Rad17 Rad51 Ras RecA ResIII RHD3 RHSP RNA12 RNA_helicase RuvB_N SbcCD_C SecA_DEAD Septin Sigma54_activat SKI SMC_N SNF2_N Spore_IV_A SRP54 SRPRB Sulfotransfer_1 Sulfotransfer_2 Sulfotransfer_3 Sulphotransf T2SE T4SS-DNA_transf Terminase_1 Terminase_3 Terminase_6 Terminase_GpA Thymidylate_kin TIP49 TK TniB Torsin TraG-D_C tRNA_lig_kinase TrwB_AAD_bind UPF0079 UvrD-helicase UvrD_C UvrD_C_2 Viral_helicase1 VirC1 VirE YhjQ Zeta_toxin Zot

Alignments

There are various ways to view or download the sequence alignments that we store. You can use a sequence viewer to look at either the seed or full alignment for the family, or you can look at a plain text version of the sequence in a variety of different formats. More...

View options

Alignment:	Seed (60) Full (236980) NCBI (197100) Metagenomics (70900)
Viewer:

Formatting options

Alignment:	Seed (60) Full (236980)
Format:
Order:	Tree Alphabetical
Sequence:	Inserts lower case All upper case
Gaps:
Download/view:	Download View

Download options

Very large alignments can often cause problems for the formatting tool above. If you find that downloading or viewing a large alignment is problematic, you can also download a gzip-compressed, Stockholm-format file containing the seed or full alignment for this family.

You can also download a FASTA format file containing the full-length sequences for all sequences in the full alignment.

The main seed and full alignments are generated using sequences from the UniProt sequence database. However, we also generate alignments using sequences from the NCBI sequence database and the "metaseq" metagenomics dataset.

You can view alignments from these two additional datasets using the form above, or you can download alignments of NCBI or metagenomics sequences, as gzip-compressed files.

Pfam alignments:	Seed (60) Full (236980) NCBI (197100) Metagenomics (70900)
Full length sequences	Full-sequences (236980)

External links

MyHits provides a collection of tools to handle multiple sequence alignments. For example, one can refine a seed alignment (sequence addition or removal, re-alignment or manual edition) and then search databases for remote homologs using HMMER3.

HMM logo

HMM logos is one way of visualising profile HMMs. Logos provide a quick overview of the properties of an HMM in a graphical form. You can see a more detailed description of HMM logos and find out how you can interpret them here. More...

Trees

This page displays the phylogenetic tree for this family. We use FastTree to calculate neighbour join trees with a local bootstrap based on 100 resamples (shown next to the tree nodes). FastTree calculates approximately-maximum-likelihood phylogenetic trees from our seed or full alignments.

Note: You can also download the data files for the seed, full, NCBI or metagenomics trees.

Curation and family details

This section shows the detailed information about the Pfam family. You can see the definitions of many of the terms in this section in the glossary and a fuller explanation of the scoring system that we use in the scores section of the help pages.

Curation

Seed source:

Prosite

Previous IDs:

none

Type:

Domain

Author:

Sonnhammer ELL, Bateman A

Number in seed:

60

Number in full:

236980

Average length of the domain:

126.40 aa

Average identity of full alignment:

24 %

Average coverage of the sequence by the domain:

27.47 %

HMM information

HMM build commands:

build method: hmmbuild -o /dev/null --hand HMM SEED

search method: hmmsearch -Z 15929002 -E 1000 --cpu 4 HMM pfamseq

Model details:

Parameter	Sequence	Domain
Gathering cut-off	23.1	23.1
Trusted cut-off	23.1	23.1
Noise cut-off	23.0	23.0

Model length:

118

Family (HMM) version:

22

Download:

download the raw HMM for this family

Species distribution

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Colour assignments

Archea	Eukaryota
Bacteria	Other sequences
Viruses	Unclassified
Viroids	Unclassified sequence

This visualisation provides a simple graphical representation of the distribution of this family across species. You can find the original interactive tree in the adjacent tab if you need to select sub-trees and view sequence alignments. More...

This chart is a modified "sunburst" visualisation of the species tree for this family. It shows each node in the tree as a separate arc, arranged radially with the superkingdoms at the centre and the species arrayed around the outermost ring.

How the sunburst is generated

The tree is built by considering the taxonomic lineage of each sequence that has a match to this family. For each node in the resulting tree, we draw an arc in the sunburst. The radius of the arc, it's distance from the root node at the centre of the sunburst, shows the taxonomic level ("superkingdom", "kingdom", etc). The length of the arc represents either the number of sequences represented at a given level, or the number of species that are found beneath the node in the tree. The weighting scheme can be changed using the sunburst controls.

In order to reduce the complexity of the representation, we reduce the number of taxonomic levels that we show. We consider only the following eight major taxonomic levels:

superkingdom
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species

Colouring and labels

Segments of the tree are coloured approximately according to their superkingdom. For example, archeal branches are coloured with shades of orange, eukaryotes in shades of purple, etc. The colour assignments are shown under the sunburst controls. Where space allows, the name of the taxonomic level will be written on the arc itself.

As you move your mouse across the sunburst, the current node will be highlighted. In the top section of the controls panel we show a summary of the lineage of the currently highlighed node. If you pause over an arc, a tooltip will be shown, giving the name of the taxonomic level in the title and a summary of the number of sequences and species below that node in the tree.

Anomalies in the taxonomy tree

There are some situations that the sunburst tree cannot easily handle and for which we have work-arounds in place.

Missing taxonomic levels

Some species in the taxonomic tree may not have one or more of the main eight levels that we display. For example, Bos taurus is not assigned an order in the NCBI taxonomic tree. In such cases we mark the omitted level with, for example, "No order", in both the tooltip and the lineage summary.

Unmapped species names

The tree is built by looking at each sequence in the full alignment for the family. We take the name of the species given by UniProt and try to map that to the full taxonomic tree from NCBI. In some cases, the name chosen by UniProt does not map to any node in the NCBI tree, perhaps because the chosen name is listed as a synonym or a misspelling in the NCBI taxonomy.

So that these nodes are not simply omitted from the sunburst tree, we group them together in a separate branch (or segment of the sunburst tree). Since we cannot determine the lineage for these unmapped species, we show all levels between the superkingdom and the species as "uncategorised".

Sub-species

Since we reduce the species tree to only the eight main taxonomic levels, sequences that are mapped to the sub-species level in the tree would not normally be shown. Rather than leave out these species, we map them instead to their parent species. So, for example, for sequences belonging to one of the Vibrio cholerae sub-species in the NCBI taxonomy, we show them instead as belonging to the species Vibrio cholerae.

Too many species/sequences

For large species trees, you may see blank regions in the outer layers of the sunburst. These occur when there are large numbers of arcs to be drawn in a small space. If an arc is less than approximately one pixel wide, it will not be drawn and the space will be left blank. You may still be able to get some information about the species in that region by moving your mouse across the area, but since each arc will be very small, it will be difficult to accurately locate a particular species.

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The tree shows the occurrence of this domain across different species. More...

Species trees

We show the species tree in one of two ways. For smaller trees we try to show an interactive representation, which allows you to select specific nodes in the tree and view them as an alignment or as a set of Pfam domain graphics.

Unfortunately we have found that there are problems viewing the interactive tree when the it becomes larger than a certain limit. Furthermore, we have found that Internet Explorer can become unresponsive when viewing some trees, regardless of their size. We therefore show a text representation of the species tree when the size is above a certain limit or if you are using Internet Explorer to view the site.

If you are using IE you can still load the interactive tree by clicking the "Generate interactive tree" button, but please be aware of the potential problems that the interactive species tree can cause.

Interactive tree

For all of the domain matches in a full alignment, we count the number that are found on all sequences in the alignment. This total is shown in the purple box.

We also count the number of unique sequences on which each domain is found, which is shown in green. Note that a domain may appear multiple times on the same sequence, leading to the difference between these two numbers.

Finally, we group sequences from the same organism according to the NCBI code that is assigned by UniProt, allowing us to count the number of distinct sequences on which the domain is found. This value is shown in the pink boxes.

We use the NCBI species tree to group organisms according to their taxonomy and this forms the structure of the displayed tree. Note that in some cases the trees are too large (have too many nodes) to allow us to build an interactive tree, but in most cases you can still view the tree in a plain text, non-interactive representation. Those species which are represented in the seed alignment for this domain are highlighted.

You can use the tree controls to manipulate how the interactive tree is displayed:

show/hide the summary boxes
highlight species that are represented in the seed alignment
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Family: ABC_tran (PF00005)

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