Summary: Class III cytochrome C family

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Wikipedia: Cytochrome c family
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Cytochrome c family

Cytochrome c

Structure of cytochrome c2 from Rhodopseudomonas viridis.^[1]

Identifiers

Symbol

Cytochrom_C

Available protein structures:
Pfam	structures
PDB	RCSB PDB; PDBe
PDBsum	structure summary

Cytochrome C'

atomic structure of a cytochrome c' with an unusual ligand-controlled dimer dissociation at 1.8 angstroms resolution

Identifiers

Symbol

Cytochrom_C_2

Available protein structures:
Pfam	structures
PDB	RCSB PDB; PDBe
PDBsum	structure summary

Class III cytochrome C family

sulfate respiration in desulfovibrio vulgaris hildenborough: structure of the 16-heme cytochrome c hmca at 2.5 a resolution and a view of its role in transmembrane electron transfer

Identifiers

Symbol

Cytochrom_CIII

Pfam clan

Available protein structures:
Pfam	structures
PDB	RCSB PDB; PDBe
PDBsum	structure summary

Cytochromes c (cytC) are electron-transfer proteins having one or several heme c groups, bound to the protein by one or, more generally, two thioether bonds involving sulphydryl groups of cysteine residues. The fifth haem iron ligand is always provided by a histidine residue. Cytochromes c possess a wide range of properties and function in a large number of different redox processes^[2]. The founding member of this family is mitochondrial cytochrome c.

Ambler^[3] recognized four classes of cytC.

Class I includes the low-spin soluble cytC of mitochondria and bacteria, with the haem-attachment site towards the N-terminus, and the sixth ligand provided by a methionine residue about 40 residues further on towards the C-terminus. On the basis of sequence similarity, class I cytC were further subdivided into five classes, IA to IE. Class IB includes the eukaryotic mitochondrial cytC and prokaryotic 'short' cyt c2 exemplified by Rhodopila globiformis cyt c2; class IA includes 'long' cyt c2, such as Rhodospirillum rubrum cyt c2 and Aquaspirillum itersonii cytc-550, which have several extra loops by comparison with class IB cytC.

Class II includes the high-spin cytC' and a number of low-spin cytochromes, e.g. cyt c-556. The haem-attachment site is close to the C terminus. The cytC' are capable of binding such ligands as CO, NO or CN(-), albeit with rate and equilibrium constants 100 to 1,000,000-fold smaller than other high-spin haemoproteins.^[4] This, coupled with its relatively low redox potential, makes it unlikely that cytC' is a terminal oxidase. Thus cytC' probably functions as an electron transfer protein.^[5] The 3D structures of a number of cytC' have been determined. The molecule usually exists as a dimer, each monomer folding as a four-alpha-helix bundle incorporating a covalently-bound haem group at the core.^[5] The Chromatium vinosum cytC' exhibits dimer dissociation upon ligand binding.^[6]

Class III comprises the low redox potential multiple haem cytochromes: cyt C7 (trihaem), C3 (tetrahaem), and high-molecular-weight cytC, HMC (hexadecahaem), with only 30-40 residues per haem group. The haem c groups, all bis-histidinyl coordinated, are structurally and functionally nonequivalent and present different redox potentials in the range 0 to -400 mV.^[7] The 3D structures of a number of cyt C3 proteins have been determined. The proteins consist of 4-5 alpha-helices and 2 beta-strands wrapped around a compact core of four non-parallel haems, which present a relatively high degree of exposure to the solvent. The overall protein architecture, haem plane orientations and iron-iron distances are highly conserved.^[7]

Class IV includes complex proteins containing other prosthetic groups besides haem c, such as flavocytochromes c and cytochromes cd.^[3]

[edit] Subfamilies

Bacterial cytochrome c, class IC IPR008169

[edit] Human proteins containing this domain

CYCS;

[edit] References

^ Miki K, Sogabe S, Uno A, et al. (May 1994). "Application of an automatic molecular-replacement procedure to crystal structure analysis of cytochrome c2 from Rhodopseudomonas viridis". Acta Crystallogr. D Biol. Crystallogr. 50 (Pt 3): 271–5. doi:10.1107/S0907444993013952. PMID 15299438.
^ Moore GR, Pettigrew GW (1987). pp. -.
^ ^a ^b Ambler RP (1991). "Sequence variability in bacterial cytochromes c". Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1058 (1): 42–47. doi:10.1016/S0005-2728(05)80266-X. PMID 1646017.
^ Kassner RJ (May 1991). "Ligand binding properties of cytochromes c'". Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1058 (1): 8–12. PMID 1646027.
^ ^a ^b Moore GR (May 1991). "Bacterial 4-alpha-helical bundle cytochromes". Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1058 (1): 38–41. PMID 1646016.
^ Ren Z, Meyer T, McRee DE (November 1993). "Atomic structure of a cytochrome c' with an unusual ligand-controlled dimer dissociation at 1.8 A resolution". J. Mol. Biol. 234 (2): 433–45. doi:10.1006/jmbi.1993.1597. PMID 8230224.
^ ^a ^b Coutinho IB, Xavier AV (1994). "Tetraheme cytochromes". Meth. Enzymol. 243: 119–40. doi:10.1016/0076-6879(94)43011-X. PMID 7830606.

This article incorporates text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro IPR002321

This article incorporates text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro IPR020942

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Class III cytochrome C family

No Pfam abstract.

Clan

This family is a member of clan Multiheme_cytos (CL0317), which has a total of 9 members.

Internal database links

SCOOP:

Cytochrom_NNT Paired_CXXCH_1

External database links

HOMSTRAD:	cyt3
PANDIT:	PF02085
PRINTS:	PR00609
Pseudofam:	PF02085
SCOP:	2cdv
SYSTERS:	Cytochrom_CIII

This tab holds annotation information from the InterPro database.

InterPro entry IPR020942

Cytochromes c (cytC) can be defined as electron-transfer proteins having one or several haem c groups, bound to the protein by one or, more generally, two thioether bonds involving sulphydryl groups of cysteine residues. The fifth haem iron ligand is always provided by a histidine residue. CytC possess a wide range of properties and function in a large number of different redox processes [PUBMED:9293186].

Ambler [PUBMED:1646017] recognised four classes of cytC.

Class III comprises the low redox potential multiple haem cytochromes: cyt C7 (trihaem), C3 (tetrahaem), and high-molecular-weight cytC, HMC (hexadecahaem), with only 30-40 residues per haem group. The haem c groups, all bis-histidinyl coordinated, are structurally and functionally nonequivalent and present different redox potentials in the range 0 to -400 mV [PUBMED:7830606]. The 3D structures of a number of cyt C3 proteins have been determined. The proteins consist of 4-5 alpha-helices and 2 beta-strands wrapped around a compact core of four non-parallel haems, which present a relatively high degree of exposure to the solvent. The overall protein architecture, haem plane orientations and iron-iron distances are highly conserved [PUBMED:7830606].

Gene Ontology

The mapping between Pfam and Gene Ontology is provided by InterPro. If you use this data please cite InterPro.

Molecular function	electron carrier activity (GO:0009055)
	heme binding (GO:0020037)

Domain organisation

Below is a listing of the unique domain organisations or architectures in which this domain is found. More...

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Pfam Clan

This family is a member of clan Multiheme_cytos (CL0317), which contains the following 9 members:

CytoC_RC Cytochrom_C552 Cytochrom_CIII Cytochrom_NNT Cytochrome_C554 GSu_C4xC__C2xCH Multi-haem_cyto NapB Paired_CXXCH_1

Alignments

There are various ways to view or download the sequence alignments that we store. You can use a sequence viewer to look at either the seed or full alignment for the family, or you can look at a plain text version of the sequence in a variety of different formats. More...

View options

Alignment:	Seed (24) Full (515) NCBI (585) Metagenomics (278)
Viewer:

Formatting options

Alignment:	Seed (24) Full (515)
Format:
Order:	Tree Alphabetical
Sequence:	Inserts lower case All upper case
Gaps:
Download/view:	Download View

Download options

Very large alignments can often cause problems for the formatting tool above. If you find that downloading or viewing a large alignment is problematic, you can also download a gzip-compressed, Stockholm-format file containing the seed or full alignment for this family.

You can also download a FASTA format file containing the full-length sequences for all sequences in the full alignment.

The main seed and full alignments are generated using sequences from the UniProt sequence database. However, we also generate alignments using sequences from the NCBI sequence database and the "metaseq" metagenomics dataset.

You can view alignments from these two additional datasets using the form above, or you can download alignments of NCBI or metagenomics sequences, as gzip-compressed files.

Pfam alignments:	Seed (24) Full (515) NCBI (585) Metagenomics (278)
Full length sequences	Full-sequences (515)

External links

MyHits provides a collection of tools to handle multiple sequence alignments. For example, one can refine a seed alignment (sequence addition or removal, re-alignment or manual edition) and then search databases for remote homologs using HMMER3.

HMM logo

HMM logos is one way of visualising profile HMMs. Logos provide a quick overview of the properties of an HMM in a graphical form. You can see a more detailed description of HMM logos and find out how you can interpret them here. More...

Trees

This page displays the phylogenetic tree for this family. We use FastTree to calculate neighbour join trees with a local bootstrap based on 100 resamples (shown next to the tree nodes). FastTree calculates approximately-maximum-likelihood phylogenetic trees from our seed or full alignments.

Note: You can also download the data files for the seed, full, NCBI or metagenomics trees.

Curation and family details

This section shows the detailed information about the Pfam family. You can see the definitions of many of the terms in this section in the glossary and a fuller explanation of the scoring system that we use in the scores section of the help pages.

Curation

Seed source:

IPR002322

Previous IDs:

Cytochrome_CIII;

Type:

Domain

Author:

Mian N, Bateman A

Number in seed:

24

Number in full:

515

Average length of the domain:

91.50 aa

Average identity of full alignment:

19 %

Average coverage of the sequence by the domain:

31.12 %

HMM information

HMM build commands:

build method: hmmbuild -o /dev/null HMM SEED

search method: hmmsearch -Z 15929002 -E 1000 --cpu 4 HMM pfamseq

Model details:

Parameter	Sequence	Domain
Gathering cut-off	21.1	21.1
Trusted cut-off	21.1	21.1
Noise cut-off	21.0	21.0

Model length:

102

Family (HMM) version:

11

Download:

download the raw HMM for this family

Species distribution

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Colour assignments

Archea	Eukaryota
Bacteria	Other sequences
Viruses	Unclassified
Viroids	Unclassified sequence

This visualisation provides a simple graphical representation of the distribution of this family across species. You can find the original interactive tree in the adjacent tab if you need to select sub-trees and view sequence alignments. More...

This chart is a modified "sunburst" visualisation of the species tree for this family. It shows each node in the tree as a separate arc, arranged radially with the superkingdoms at the centre and the species arrayed around the outermost ring.

How the sunburst is generated

The tree is built by considering the taxonomic lineage of each sequence that has a match to this family. For each node in the resulting tree, we draw an arc in the sunburst. The radius of the arc, it's distance from the root node at the centre of the sunburst, shows the taxonomic level ("superkingdom", "kingdom", etc). The length of the arc represents either the number of sequences represented at a given level, or the number of species that are found beneath the node in the tree. The weighting scheme can be changed using the sunburst controls.

In order to reduce the complexity of the representation, we reduce the number of taxonomic levels that we show. We consider only the following eight major taxonomic levels:

superkingdom
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species

Colouring and labels

Segments of the tree are coloured approximately according to their superkingdom. For example, archeal branches are coloured with shades of orange, eukaryotes in shades of purple, etc. The colour assignments are shown under the sunburst controls. Where space allows, the name of the taxonomic level will be written on the arc itself.

As you move your mouse across the sunburst, the current node will be highlighted. In the top section of the controls panel we show a summary of the lineage of the currently highlighed node. If you pause over an arc, a tooltip will be shown, giving the name of the taxonomic level in the title and a summary of the number of sequences and species below that node in the tree.

Anomalies in the taxonomy tree

There are some situations that the sunburst tree cannot easily handle and for which we have work-arounds in place.

Missing taxonomic levels

Some species in the taxonomic tree may not have one or more of the main eight levels that we display. For example, Bos taurus is not assigned an order in the NCBI taxonomic tree. In such cases we mark the omitted level with, for example, "No order", in both the tooltip and the lineage summary.

Unmapped species names

The tree is built by looking at each sequence in the full alignment for the family. We take the name of the species given by UniProt and try to map that to the full taxonomic tree from NCBI. In some cases, the name chosen by UniProt does not map to any node in the NCBI tree, perhaps because the chosen name is listed as a synonym or a misspelling in the NCBI taxonomy.

So that these nodes are not simply omitted from the sunburst tree, we group them together in a separate branch (or segment of the sunburst tree). Since we cannot determine the lineage for these unmapped species, we show all levels between the superkingdom and the species as "uncategorised".

Sub-species

Since we reduce the species tree to only the eight main taxonomic levels, sequences that are mapped to the sub-species level in the tree would not normally be shown. Rather than leave out these species, we map them instead to their parent species. So, for example, for sequences belonging to one of the Vibrio cholerae sub-species in the NCBI taxonomy, we show them instead as belonging to the species Vibrio cholerae.

Too many species/sequences

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Species trees

We show the species tree in one of two ways. For smaller trees we try to show an interactive representation, which allows you to select specific nodes in the tree and view them as an alignment or as a set of Pfam domain graphics.

Unfortunately we have found that there are problems viewing the interactive tree when the it becomes larger than a certain limit. Furthermore, we have found that Internet Explorer can become unresponsive when viewing some trees, regardless of their size. We therefore show a text representation of the species tree when the size is above a certain limit or if you are using Internet Explorer to view the site.

If you are using IE you can still load the interactive tree by clicking the "Generate interactive tree" button, but please be aware of the potential problems that the interactive species tree can cause.

Interactive tree

For all of the domain matches in a full alignment, we count the number that are found on all sequences in the alignment. This total is shown in the purple box.

We also count the number of unique sequences on which each domain is found, which is shown in green. Note that a domain may appear multiple times on the same sequence, leading to the difference between these two numbers.

Finally, we group sequences from the same organism according to the NCBI code that is assigned by UniProt, allowing us to count the number of distinct sequences on which the domain is found. This value is shown in the pink boxes.

We use the NCBI species tree to group organisms according to their taxonomy and this forms the structure of the displayed tree. Note that in some cases the trees are too large (have too many nodes) to allow us to build an interactive tree, but in most cases you can still view the tree in a plain text, non-interactive representation. Those species which are represented in the seed alignment for this domain are highlighted.

You can use the tree controls to manipulate how the interactive tree is displayed:

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Interactions

There is 1 interaction for this family. More...

Cytochrom_CIII

Structures

For those sequences which have a structure in the Protein DataBank, we use the mapping between UniProt, PDB and Pfam coordinate systems from the PDBe group, to allow us to map Pfam domains onto UniProt sequences and three-dimensional protein structures. The table below shows the structures on which the Cytochrom_CIII domain has been found. There are 35 instances of this domain found in the PDB. Note that there may be multiple copies of the domain in a single PDB structure, since many structures contain multiple copies of the same protein seqence.

Loading structure mapping...

Family: Cytochrom_CIII (PF02085)

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Summary: Class III cytochrome C family

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Cytochrome c family

[edit] Subfamilies

[edit] Human proteins containing this domain

[edit] References

Class III cytochrome C family

Clan

Internal database links

External database links

InterPro entry IPR020942

Gene Ontology

Domain organisation

Pfam Clan

Alignments

Viewing

Downloading

View options

Formatting options

Download options

External links

HMM logo

Trees

Curation and family details

Curation

HMM information

Species distribution

Sunburst controls

Weight segments by...

Change the size of the sunburst

Colour assignments

How the sunburst is generated

Colouring and labels

Anomalies in the taxonomy tree

Missing taxonomic levels

Unmapped species names

Sub-species

Too many species/sequences

Tree controls

Annotation

Download tree

Selected sequences

Species trees

Interactive tree

Interactions

Structures