Summary: Fungal Zn(2)-Cys(6) binuclear cluster domain

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Zinc finger Edit Wikipedia article

Cartoon representation of the Cys2His2 zinc finger motif, consisting of an α helix and an antiparallel β sheet. The zinc ion (green) is coordinated by two histidine residues and two cysteine residues.

Cartoon representation of the protein Zif268 (blue) containing three zinc fingers in complex with DNA (orange). The coordinating amino acid residues and zinc ions (green) are highlighted.

A zinc finger is a small protein structural motif that is characterized by the coordination of one or more zinc ions in order to stabilize the fold. Originally coined to describe the finger-like appearance of a hypothesized structure from Xenopus laevis transcription factor IIIA, the zinc finger name has now come to encompass a wide variety of differing protein structures.^[1]

Proteins that contain zinc fingers (zinc finger proteins) are classified into several different structural families. Unlike many other clearly defined supersecondary structures such as Greek keys or β hairpins, there are a number of unique types of zinc fingers, each possessing a unique three-dimensional architecture. A particular zinc finger protein's class is determined by this three-dimensional structure, but it can also be recognized based on the primary structure of the protein or the identity of the ligands coordinating the zinc ion. In spite of the large variety of these proteins, however, the vast majority typically function as interaction modules that bind DNA, RNA, proteins, or other small, useful molecules, and variations in structure primarily serve to alter the binding specificity of a particular protein.

Since their original discovery and the elucidation of their structure, these interaction modules have proven ubiquitous in the biological world. Additionally, zinc fingers have become extremely useful in various therapeutic and research capacities. Engineering zinc fingers to have an affinity for a specific sequence is an area of active research, and zinc finger nucleases and zinc finger transcription factors are two of the most important applications of this to be realized to date.

[edit] History

Zinc fingers were first identified in a study of transcription in the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis. A study of the transcription of a particular RNA sequence revealed that the binding strength of a small transcription factor (transcription factor IIIA; TFIIIA) was due to the presence of zinc-coordinating finger-like structures.^[2] Amino acid sequencing of TFIIIA revealed nine tandem sequences of 30 amino acids, including two invariant pairs of cysteine and histidine residues. Extended x-ray absorption fine structure confirmed the identity of the zinc ligands: two cysteines and two histidines.^[3] The DNA-binding loop formed by the coordination of these ligands by zinc were thought to resemble fingers, hence the name.^[1] More recent work in the characterization of proteins in various organisms has revealed the importance of zinc ions in polypeptide stabilization.^[4]^[5]

[edit] Domain

Zinc finger (Znf) domains are relatively small protein motifs which contain multiple finger-like protrusions that make tandem contacts with their target molecule. Some of these domains bind zinc, but many do not; instead binding other metals such as iron, or no metal at all. For example, some family members form salt bridges to stabilise the finger-like folds. They were first identified as a DNA-binding motif in transcription factor TFIIIA from Xenopus laevis (African clawed frog), however they are now recognised to bind DNA, RNA, protein and/or lipid substrates.^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10] Their binding properties depend on the amino acid sequence of the finger domains and of the linker between fingers, as well as on the higher-order structures and the number of fingers. Znf domains are often found in clusters, where fingers can have different binding specificities. There are many superfamilies of Znf motifs, varying in both sequence and structure. They display considerable versatility in binding modes, even between members of the same class (e.g. some bind DNA, others protein), suggesting that Znf motifs are stable scaffolds that have evolved specialised functions. For example, Znf-containing proteins function in gene transcription, translation, mRNA trafficking, cytoskeleton organization, epithelial development, cell adhesion, protein folding, chromatin remodelling and zinc sensing, to name but a few.^[11] Zinc-binding motifs are stable structures, and they rarely undergo conformational changes upon binding their target.

[edit] Classes

Initially, the term zinc finger was used solely to describe DNA binding motif found in Xenopus laevis, however it is now used to refer to any number of structures related by their coordination of a zinc ion. In general, zinc fingers coordinate zinc ions with a combination of cysteine and histidine residues. Originally, the number and order of these residues was used to classify different types of zinc fingers ( e.g., Cys₂His₂, Cys₄, and Cys₆). More recently, a more systematic method has been used to classify zinc finger proteins instead. This method classifies zinc finger proteins into "fold groups" based on the overall shape of the protein backbone in the folded domain. The most common "fold groups" of zinc fingers are the Cys₂His₂-like (the "classic zinc finger"), treble clef, and zinc ribbon.^[12]

The following table^[12] shows the different structures and their key features:

Fold Group	Representative structure	Ligand placement
Cys₂His₂		Two ligands form a knuckle and two more form the c terminus of a helix.
Gag knuckle		Two ligands form a knuckle and two more form a short helix or loop.
Treble clef		Two ligands form a knuckle and two more form the N terminus of a helix.
Zinc ribbon		Two ligands each form two knuckles.
Zn₂/Cys₆		Two ligands form the N terminus of a helix and two more form a loop.
TAZ2 domain like		Two ligands form the termini of two helices.

[edit] Cys₂His₂

Zinc finger, C2H2 type

Identifiers

Symbol

zf-C2H2

Pfam clan

Available protein structures:
Pfam	structures
PDB	RCSB PDB; PDBe
PDBsum	structure summary

The Cys₂His₂-like fold group is by far the best-characterized class of zinc fingers and are extremely common in mammalian transcription factors. These domains adopt a simple ββα fold and have the amino acid Sequence motif:^[13]

X₂-Cys-X_2,4-Cys-X₁₂-His-X_3,4,5-His

This class of zinc fingers can have a variety of functions such as binding RNA and mediating protein-protein interactions, but is best known for its role in sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins such as Zif268 (Egr1). In such proteins, individual zinc finger domains typically occur as tandem repeats with two, three, or more fingers comprising the DNA-binding domain of the protein. These tandem arrays can bind in the major groove of DNA and are typically spaced at 3-bp intervals. The α-helix of each domain (often called the "recognition helix") can make sequence-specific contacts to DNA bases; residues from a single recognition helix can contact 4 or more bases to yield an overlapping pattern of contacts with adjacent zinc fingers.

[edit] Gag-knuckle

Zinc knuckle

Identifiers

Symbol

zf-CCHC

Available protein structures:
Pfam	structures
PDB	RCSB PDB; PDBe
PDBsum	structure summary

This fold group is defined by two short β-strands connected by a turn (zinc knuckle) followed by a short helix or loop and resembles the classical Cys₂His₂ motif with a large portion of the helix and β-hairpin truncated.

The retroviral nucleocapsid (NC) protein from HIV and other related retroviruses are examples of proteins possessing these motifs. The gag-knuckle zinc finger in the HIV NC protein is the target of a class of drugs known as zinc finger inhibitors.

[edit] Treble-clef

The treble-clef motif consists of a β-hairpin at the N-terminus and an α-helix at the C-terminus that each contribute two ligands for zinc binding, although a loop and a second β-hairpin of varying length and conformation can be present between the N-terminal β-hairpin and the C-terminal α-helix. These fingers are present in a diverse group of proteins that frequently do not share sequence or functional similarity with each other. The best-characterized proteins containing treble-clef zinc fingers are the nuclear hormone receptors.

[edit] Zinc Ribbon

TFIIB zinc-binding

Identifiers

Symbol

TF_Zn_Ribbon

Pfam clan

Available protein structures:
Pfam	structures
PDB	RCSB PDB; PDBe
PDBsum	structure summary

The zinc ribbon fold is characterised by two beta-hairpins forming two structurally similar zinc-binding sub-sites.

[edit] Zn₂/Cys₆

Fungal Zn(2)-Cys(6) binuclear cluster domain

Identifiers

Symbol

Zn_clus

Available protein structures:
Pfam	structures
PDB	RCSB PDB; PDBe
PDBsum	structure summary

The canonical members of this class contain a binuclear zinc cluster in which two zinc ions are bound by six cysteine residues. These zinc fingers can be found in several transcription factors including the yeast Gal4 protein.

zf-C2HC

solution structure of a cchhc domain of neural zinc finger factor-1

Identifiers

Symbol

zf-C2HC

Available protein structures:
Pfam	structures
PDB	RCSB PDB; PDBe
PDBsum	structure summary

zf-C2HC5

Identifiers

Symbol

zf-C2HC5

Available protein structures:
Pfam	structures
PDB	RCSB PDB; PDBe
PDBsum	structure summary

[edit] Miscellaneous

zf-C2HC

solution structure of a cchhc domain of neural zinc finger factor-1

Identifiers

Symbol

zf-C2HC

Available protein structures:
Pfam	structures
PDB	RCSB PDB; PDBe
PDBsum	structure summary

zf-C2HC5

Identifiers

Symbol

zf-C2HC5

Available protein structures:
Pfam	structures
PDB	RCSB PDB; PDBe
PDBsum	structure summary

[edit] Applications

Various protein engineering techniques can be used to alter the DNA-binding specificity of zinc fingers^[13] and tandem repeats of such engineered zinc fingers can be used to target desired genomic DNA sequences.^[14] Fusing a second protein domain such as a transcriptional activator or repressor to an array of engineered zinc fingers that bind near the promoter of a given gene can be used to alter the transcription of that gene.^[14] Fusions between engineered zinc finger arrays and protein domains that cleave or otherwise modify DNA can also be used to target those activities to desired genomic loci.^[14] The most common applications for engineered zinc finger arrays include Zinc Finger Transcription Factors and Zinc Finger Nucleases, but other applications have also been described. Typical engineered zinc finger arrays have between 3 and 6 individual zinc finger motifs and bind target sites ranging from 9 basepairs to 18 basepairs in length. Arrays with 6 zinc finger motifs are particularly attractive because they bind a target site that is long enough to have a good chance of being unique in a mammalian genome.^[15]

[edit] Zinc finger nucleases

Engineered zinc finger arrays are often fused to a DNA cleavage domain (usually the cleavage domain of FokI) to generate zinc finger nucleases. Such zinc finger-FokI fusions have become useful reagents for manipulating genomes of many higher organisms including Drosophila melanogaster, Caenorhabditis elegans, tobacco, corn,^[16] zebrafish,^[17] various types of mammalian cells,^[18] and rats.^[19] Targeting a double-strand break to a desired genomic locus can be used to introduce frame-shift mutations into the coding sequence of a gene due to the error-prone nature of the non-homologous DNA repair pathway. If a homologous DNA "donor sequence" is also used then the genomic locus can be converted to a defined sequence via the homology directed repair pathway. An ongoing clinical trial is evaluating Zinc finger nucleases that disrupt the CCR5 gene in CD4+ human T-cells as a potential treatment for HIV/AIDS.^[20]

[edit] Methods of engineering zinc finger arrays

The majority of engineered zinc finger arrays are based on the zinc finger domain of the murine transcription factor Zif268, although some groups have used zinc finger arrays based on the human transcription factor SP1. Zif268 has three individual zinc finger motifs that collectively bind a 9 bp sequence with high affinity.^[21] The structure of this protein bound to DNA was solved in 1991^[22] and stimulated a great deal of research into engineered zinc finger arrays. In 1994 and 1995, a number of groups used phage display to alter the specificity of a single zinc finger of Zif268.^[23]^[24]^[25]^[26] There are two main methods currently used to generate engineered zinc finger arrays, modular assembly and a bacterial selection system, and there is some debate about which method is best suited for most applications.^[27]^[28]

The most straightforward method to generate new zinc finger arrays is to combine smaller zinc finger "modules" of known specificity. The structure of the zinc finger protein Zif268 bound to DNA described by Pavletich and Pabo in their 1991 publication has been key to much of this work and describes the concept of obtaining fingers for each of the 64 possible base pair triplets and then mixing and matching these fingers to design proteins with any desired sequence specificity.^[22] The most common modular assembly process involves combining separate zinc fingers that can each recognize a 3 basepair DNA sequence to generate 3-finger, 4-, 5-, or 6-finger arrays that recognize target sites ranging from 9 basepairs to 18 basepairs in length. Another method uses 2-finger modules to generate zinc finger arrays with up to six individual zinc fingers.^[16] The Barbas Laboratory of The Scripps Research Institute used phage display to develop and characterize zinc finger domains that recognize most DNA triplet sequences^[29]^[30]^[31] while another group isolated and characterized individual fingers from the human genome.^[32] A potential drawback with modular assembly in general is that specificities of individual zinc finger can overlap and can depend on the context of the surrounding zinc fingers and DNA. A recent study demonstrated that a high proportion of 3-finger zinc finger arrays generated by modular assembly fail to bind their intended target with sufficient affinity in a bacterial two-hybrid assay and fail to function as zinc finger nucleases, but the success rate was somewhat higher when sites of the form GNNGNNGNN were targeted.^[33]

A subsequent study used modular assembly to generate zinc finger nucleases with both 3-finger arrays and 4-finger arrays and observed a much higher success rate with 4-finger arrays.^[34] A variant of modular assembly that takes the context of neighboring fingers into account has also been reported and this method tends to yield proteins with improved performance relative to standard modular assembly.^[35]

Numerous selection methods have been used to generate zinc finger arrays capable of targeting desired sequences. Initial selection efforts utilized phage display to select proteins that bound a given DNA target from a large pool of partially randomized zinc finger arrays. This technique is difficult to use on more than a single zinc finger at a time, so a multi-step processes that generated a completely optimized 3-finger array by adding and optimizing a single zinc finger at a time was developed.^[36] More recent efforts have utilized yeast one-hybrid systems, bacterial one-hybrid and two-hybrid systems, and mammalian cells. A promising new method to select novel 3-finger zinc finger arrays utilizes a bacterial two-hybrid system and has been dubbed "OPEN" by its creators.^[37] This system combines pre-selected pools of individual zinc fingers that were each selected to bind a given triplet and then utilizes a second round of selection to obtain 3-finger arrays capable of binding a desired 9-bp sequence. This system was developed by the Zinc Finger Consortium as an alternative to commercial sources of engineered zinc finger arrays. It is somewhat difficult to directly compare the binding properties of proteins generated with this method to proteins generated by modular assembly as the specificity profiles of proteins generated by the OPEN method have never been reported.

[edit] Examples

This entry represents the CysCysHisCys (C2HC) type zinc finger domain found in eukaryotes. Proteins containing these domains include:

MYST family histone acetyltransferases,^[38]^[39]

Myelin transcription factor Myt1 ^[40]

Suppressor of tumourigenicity protein 18 (ST18) ^[41]

[edit] See also

[edit] References

^ ^a ^b Klug A, Rhodes D (1987). "Zinc fingers: a novel protein fold for nucleic acid recognition". Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. 52: 473–82. PMID 3135979.
^ Miller J, McLachlan AD, Klug A (June 1985). "Repetitive zinc-binding domains in the protein transcription factor IIIA from Xenopus oocytes". EMBO J. 4 (6): 1609–14. PMC 554390. PMID 4040853.
^ Klug A (2010). "The discovery of zinc fingers and their applications in gene regulation and genome manipulation". Annu. Rev. Biochem. 79: 213–31. doi:10.1146/annurev-biochem-010909-095056. PMID 20192761.
^ Miller Y, Ma B, Nussinov R (May 2010). "Zinc ions promote Alzheimer Abeta aggregation via population shift of polymorphic states". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107 (21): 9490–5. doi:10.1073/pnas.0913114107. PMC 2906839. PMID 20448202.
^ Low LY, Hernández H, Robinson CV, O'Brien R, Grossmann JG, Ladbury JE, Luisi B (May 2002). "Metal-dependent folding and stability of nuclear hormone receptor DNA-binding domains". J. Mol. Biol. 319 (1): 87–106. doi:10.1016/S0022-2836(02)00236-X. PMID 12051939.
^ Klug A (October 1999). "Zinc finger peptides for the regulation of gene expression". J. Mol. Biol. 293 (2): 215–8. doi:10.1006/jmbi.1999.3007. PMID 10529348.
^ Hall TM (June 2005). "Multiple modes of RNA recognition by zinc finger proteins". Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 15 (3): 367–73. doi:10.1016/j.sbi.2005.04.004. PMID 15963892.
^ Brown RS (February 2005). "Zinc finger proteins: getting a grip on RNA". Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 15 (1): 94–8. doi:10.1016/j.sbi.2005.01.006. PMID 15718139.
^ Gamsjaeger R, Liew CK, Loughlin FE, Crossley M, Mackay JP (February 2007). "Sticky fingers: zinc-fingers as protein-recognition motifs". Trends Biochem. Sci. 32 (2): 63–70. doi:10.1016/j.tibs.2006.12.007. PMID 17210253.
^ Matthews JM, Sunde M (December 2002). "Zinc fingers--folds for many occasions". IUBMB Life 54 (6): 351–5. doi:10.1080/15216540216035. PMID 12665246.
^ Laity JH, Lee BM, Wright PE (February 2001). "Zinc finger proteins: new insights into structural and functional diversity". Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 11 (1): 39–46. doi:10.1016/S0959-440X(00)00167-6. PMID 11179890.
^ ^a ^b Krishna SS, Majumdar I, Grishin NV (January 2003). "Structural classification of zinc fingers: survey and summary". Nucleic Acids Res. 31 (2): 532–50. doi:10.1093/nar/gkg161. PMC 140525. PMID 12527760.
^ ^a ^b Pabo CO, Peisach E, Grant RA (2001). "Design Andselection Ofnovelcys2His2Zincfingerproteins". Annual Review of Biochemistry 70: 313–340. doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.70.1.313. PMID 11395410. edit
^ ^a ^b ^c Jamieson AC, Miller JC, Pabo CO (2003). "Drug discovery with engineered zinc-finger proteins". Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 2 (5): 361–368. doi:10.1038/nrd1087. PMID 12750739. edit
^ Liu Q, Segal DJ, Ghiara JB, Barbas CF (May 1997). "Design of polydactyl zinc-finger proteins for unique addressing within complex genomes". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94 (11): 5525–30. Bibcode:1997PNAS...94.5525L. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.11.5525. PMC 20811. PMID 9159105.
^ ^a ^b Shukla VK, Doyon Y, Miller JC, DeKelver RC, Moehle EA, Worden SE, Mitchell JC, Arnold NL, Gopalan S, Meng X, Choi VM, Rock JM, Wu YY, Katibah GE, Zhifang G, McCaskill D, Simpson MA, Blakeslee B, Greenwalt SA, Butler HJ, Hinkley SJ, Zhang L, Rebar EJ, Gregory PD, Urnov FD (May 2009). "Precise genome modification in the crop species Zea mays using zinc-finger nucleases". Nature 459 (7245): 437–41. Bibcode:2009Natur.459..437S. doi:10.1038/nature07992. PMID 19404259.
^ Reynolds IJ, Miller RJ (December 1988). "[3H]MK801 binding to the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor reveals drug interactions with the zinc and magnesium binding sites". J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 247 (3): 1025–31. PMID 2849655.
^ Carroll D (November 2008). "Progress and prospects: zinc-finger nucleases as gene therapy agents". Gene Ther. 15 (22): 1463–8. doi:10.1038/gt.2008.145. PMC 2747807. PMID 18784746.
^ Geurts AM, Cost GJ, Freyvert Y, Zeitler B, Miller JC, Choi VM, Jenkins SS, Wood A, Cui X, Meng X, Vincent A, Lam S, Michalkiewicz M, Schilling R, Foeckler J, Kalloway S, Weiler H, Ménoret S, Anegon I, Davis GD, Zhang L, Rebar EJ, Gregory PD, Urnov FD, Jacob HJ, Buelow R (July 2009). "Knockout rats via embryo microinjection of zinc-finger nucleases". Science 325 (5939): 433. Bibcode:2009Sci...325..433G. doi:10.1126/science.1172447. PMC 2831805. PMID 19628861.
^ Tebas P, Stein D (2009). "Autologous T-Cells Genetically Modified at the CCR5 Gene by Zinc Finger Nucleases SB-728 for HIV". ClinicalTrials.gov.
^ Christy B, Nathans D (November 1989). "DNA binding site of the growth factor-inducible protein Zif268". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86 (22): 8737–41. Bibcode:1989PNAS...86.8737C. doi:10.1073/pnas.86.22.8737. PMC 298363. PMID 2510170.
^ ^a ^b Pavletich NP, Pabo CO (May 1991). "Zinc finger-DNA recognition: crystal structure of a Zif268-DNA complex at 2.1 A". Science 252 (5007): 809–17. Bibcode:1991Sci...252..809P. doi:10.1126/science.2028256. PMID 2028256.
^ Rebar EJ, Pabo CO (February 1994). "Zinc finger phage: affinity selection of fingers with new DNA-binding specificities". Science 263 (5147): 671–3. Bibcode:1994Sci...263..671R. doi:10.1126/science.8303274. PMID 8303274.
^ Jamieson AC, Kim SH, Wells JA (May 1994). "In vitro selection of zinc fingers with altered DNA-binding specificity". Biochemistry 33 (19): 5689–95. doi:10.1021/bi00185a004. PMID 8180194.
^ Choo Y, Klug A (November 1994). "Toward a code for the interactions of zinc fingers with DNA: selection of randomized fingers displayed on phage". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91 (23): 11163–7. Bibcode:1994PNAS...9111163C. doi:10.1073/pnas.91.23.11163. PMC 45187. PMID 7972027.
^ Wu H, Yang WP, Barbas CF (January 1995). "Building zinc fingers by selection: toward a therapeutic application". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92 (2): 344–8. Bibcode:1995PNAS...92..344W. doi:10.1073/pnas.92.2.344. PMC 42736. PMID 7831288.
^ Kim JS, Lee HJ, Carroll D (February 2010). "Genome editing with modularly assembled zinc-finger nucleases". Nat. Methods 7 (2): 91; author reply 91–2. doi:10.1038/nmeth0210-91a. PMC 2987589. PMID 20111032.
^ Joung JK, Voytas DF, Cathomen T (February 2010). "Reply to "Genome editing with modularly assembled zinc-finger nucleases"". Nat. Methods 7 (2): 91–2. doi:10.1038/nmeth0210-91b. PMID 20111031.
^ Segal DJ, Dreier B, Beerli RR, Barbas CF (March 1999). "Toward controlling gene expression at will: selection and design of zinc finger domains recognizing each of the 5'-GNN-3' DNA target sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96 (6): 2758–63. Bibcode:1999PNAS...96.2758S. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.6.2758. PMC 15842. PMID 10077584.
^ Dreier B, Fuller RP, Segal DJ, Lund CV, Blancafort P, Huber A, Koksch B, Barbas CF (October 2005). "Development of zinc finger domains for recognition of the 5'-CNN-3' family DNA sequences and their use in the construction of artificial transcription factors". J. Biol. Chem. 280 (42): 35588–97. doi:10.1074/jbc.M506654200. PMID 16107335.
^ Dreier B, Beerli RR, Segal DJ, Flippin JD, Barbas CF (August 2001). "Development of zinc finger domains for recognition of the 5'-ANN-3' family of DNA sequences and their use in the construction of artificial transcription factors". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (31): 29466–78. doi:10.1074/jbc.M102604200. PMID 11340073.
^ Bae KH, Kwon YD, Shin HC, Hwang MS, Ryu EH, Park KS, Yang HY, Lee DK, Lee Y, Park J, Kwon HS, Kim HW, Yeh BI, Lee HW, Sohn SH, Yoon J, Seol W, Kim JS (March 2003). "Human zinc fingers as building blocks in the construction of artificial transcription factors". Nat. Biotechnol. 21 (3): 275–80. doi:10.1038/nbt796. PMID 12592413.
^ Ramirez CL, Foley JE, Wright DA, Müller-Lerch F, Rahman SH, Cornu TI, Winfrey RJ, Sander JD, Fu F, Townsend JA, Cathomen T, Voytas DF, Joung JK (May 2008). "Unexpected failure rates for modular assembly of engineered zinc fingers". Nat. Methods 5 (5): 374–5. doi:10.1038/nmeth0508-374. PMID 18446154.
^ Kim HJ, Lee HJ, Kim H, Cho SW, Kim JS (July 2009). "Targeted genome editing in human cells with zinc finger nucleases constructed via modular assembly". Genome Res. 19 (7): 1279–88. doi:10.1101/gr.089417.108. PMC 2704428. PMID 19470664.
^ Sander JD, Dahlborg EJ, Goodwin MJ, Cade L, Zhang F, Cifuentes D, Curtin SJ, Blackburn JS, Thibodeau-Beganny S, et al. (2010). "Selection-free zinc-finger-nuclease engineering by context-dependent assembly (CoDA)". Nature Methods 8 (1): 67–69. doi:10.1038/nmeth.1542. PMC 3018472. PMID 21151135. edit
^ Greisman HA, Pabo CO (January 1997). "A general strategy for selecting high-affinity zinc finger proteins for diverse DNA target sites". Science 275 (5300): 657–61. doi:10.1126/science.275.5300.657. PMID 9005850.
^ Maeder ML, Thibodeau-Beganny S, Osiak A, Wright DA, Anthony RM, Eichtinger M, Jiang T, Foley JE, Winfrey RJ, Townsend JA, Unger-Wallace E, Sander JD, Müller-Lerch F, Fu F, Pearlberg J, Göbel C, Dassie JP, Pruett-Miller SM, Porteus MH, Sgroi DC, Iafrate AJ, Dobbs D, McCray PB, Cathomen T, Voytas DF, Joung JK (July 2008). "Rapid "open-source" engineering of customized zinc-finger nucleases for highly efficient gene modification". Mol. Cell 31 (2): 294–301. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2008.06.016. PMC 2535758. PMID 18657511.
^ Smith AT, Tucker-Samaras SD, Fairlamb AH, Sullivan WJ (December 2005). "MYST family histone acetyltransferases in the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii". Eukaryotic Cell 4 (12): 2057–65. doi:10.1128/EC.4.12.2057-2065.2005. PMC 1317489. PMID 16339723.
^ Akhtar A, Becker PB (February 2001). "The histone H4 acetyltransferase MOF uses a C2HC zinc finger for substrate recognition". EMBO Rep. 2 (2): 113–8. doi:10.1093/embo-reports/kve022. PMC 1083818. PMID 11258702.
^ Kim JG, Armstrong RC, v Agoston D, Robinsky A, Wiese C, Nagle J, Hudson LD (October 1997). "Myelin transcription factor 1 (Myt1) of the oligodendrocyte lineage, along with a closely related CCHC zinc finger, is expressed in developing neurons in the mammalian central nervous system". J. Neurosci. Res. 50 (2): 272–90. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4547(19971015)50:2<272::AID-JNR16>3.0.CO;2-A. PMID 9373037.
^ Jandrig B, Seitz S, Hinzmann B, Arnold W, Micheel B, Koelble K, Siebert R, Schwartz A, Ruecker K, Schlag PM, Scherneck S, Rosenthal A (December 2004). "ST18 is a breast cancer tumor suppressor gene at human chromosome 8q11.2". Oncogene 23 (57): 9295–302. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1208131. PMID 15489893.

[edit] External links

McDowall J. "Protein of the Month: Zinc Fingers". European Molecular Biology Laboratory - European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI). Retrieved 2008-01-13.
Goodsell DS. "Molecule of the Month: Zinc Fingers". Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics (RCSB) Protein Data Bank (PDB). Retrieved 2008-01-13.
The double helix between the zinc finger
Zinc Finger Tools design and information site
Human KZNF Gene Catalog
Zinc finger C2H2-type domain in PROSITE
Entry for zinc finger class C2H2 in the SMART database
The Zinc Finger Consortium
ZiFiT- Zinc Finger Design Tool
Zinc Finger Consortium Materials from Addgene

v t e Protein domains

BAR BIR BZIP CARD C1 C2 DED ENTH FYVE HEAT Kringle LIM LRR NACHT PAS PDZ Pyrin PH PX SH2 SH3 SUN TRIO WD40 zinc finger

Transcription factors and intracellular receptors

(1) Basic domains

(1.1) Basic leucine zipper (bZIP)	Activating transcription factor (AATF, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7) · AP-1 (c-Fos, FOSB, FOSL1, FOSL2, JDP2, c-Jun, JUNB, JUND) · BACH (1, 2) · BATF · BLZF1 · C/EBP (α, β, γ, δ, ε, ζ) · CREB (1, 3, L1) · CREM · DBP · DDIT3 · GABPA · HLF · MAF (B, F, G, K) · NFE (2, L1, L2, L3) · NFIL3 · NRL · NRF (1, 2, 3) · XBP1

(1.2) Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH)	ATOH1 · AhR · AHRR · ARNT · ASCL1 · BHLH (2, 9) · BMAL (ARNTL, ARNTL2) · CLOCK · EPAS1 · FIGLA · HAND (1, 2) · HES (5, 6) · HEY (1, 2, L) · HES1 · HIF (1A, 3A) · ID (1, 2, 3, 4) · LYL1 · MESP2 · MXD4 · MYCL1 · MYCN · Myogenic regulatory factors (MyoD, Myogenin, MYF5, MYF6) · Neurogenins (1, 2, 3) · NeuroD (1, 2) · NPAS (1, 2, 3) · OLIG (1, 2) · Pho4 · Scleraxis · SIM (1, 2) · TAL (1, 2) · Twist · USF1

(1.3) bHLH-ZIP	AP-4 · MAX · MITF · MNT · MLX · MXI1 · Myc · SREBP (1, 2)

(1.4) NF-1	NFI (A, B, C, X) · SMAD (R-SMAD (1, 2, 3, 5, 9) - I-SMAD (6, 7) - 4)

(1.5) RF-X	RFX (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, ANK)

(1.6) Basic helix-span-helix (bHSH)	AP-2 (α, β, γ, δ, ε)

(2) Zinc finger DNA-binding domains

(2.1) Nuclear receptor (Cys₄)	subfamily 1 (Thyroid hormone (α, β), CAR, FXR, LXR (α, β), PPAR (α, β/δ, γ), PXR, RAR (α, β, γ), ROR (α, β, γ), Rev-ErbA (α, β), VDR) subfamily 2 (COUP-TF (I, II), Ear-2, HNF4 (α, γ), PNR, RXR (α, β, γ), Testicular receptor (2, 4), TLX) subfamily 3 (Steroid hormone (Androgen, Estrogen (α, β), Glucocorticoid, Mineralocorticoid, Progesterone), Estrogen related (α, β, γ)) subfamily 4 NUR (NGFIB, NOR1, NURR1) · subfamily 5 (LRH-1, SF1) · subfamily 6 (GCNF) · subfamily 0 (DAX1, SHP)

(2.2) Other Cys₄	GATA (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) · MTA (1, 2, 3) · TRPS1

(2.3) Cys₂His₂	General transcription factors (TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIID, TFIIE (1, 2), TFIIF (1, 2), TFIIH (1, 2, 4, 2I, 3A, 3C1, 3C2)) ATBF1 · BCL (6, 11A, 11B) · CTCF · E4F1 · EGR (1, 2, 3, 4) · ERV3 · GFI1 · GLI-Krüppel family (1, 2, 3, REST, S1, S2, YY1) · HIC (1, 2) · HIVEP (1, 2, 3) · IKZF (1, 2, 3) · ILF (2, 3) · KLF (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17) · MTF1 · MYT1 · OSR1 · PRDM9 · SALL (1, 2, 3, 4) · SP (1, 2, 4, 7, 8) · TSHZ3 · WT1 · Zbtb7 (7A, 7B) · ZBTB (11, 16, 17, 20, 32, 33, 40) · zinc finger (3, 7, 9, 10, 19, 22, 24, 33B, 34, 35, 41, 43, 44, 51, 74, 143, 146, 148, 165, 202, 217, 219, 238, 239, 259, 267, 268, 281, 295, 300, 318, 330, 346, 350, 365, 366, 384, 423, 451, 452, 471, 593, 638, 644, 649, 655)

(2.4) Cys₆	HIVEP1

(2.5) Alternating composition	AIRE · DIDO1 · GRLF1 · ING (1, 2, 4) · JARID (1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, 2) · JMJD1B

(3) Helix-turn-helix domains

(3.1) Homeodomain	ARX · CDX (1, 2) · CRX · CUTL1 · DBX (1, 2) · DLX (3, 4, 5) · EMX (1, 2) · EN (1, 2) · FHL (1, 2, 3) · HESX1 · HHEX · HLX · Homeobox (A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A7, A9, A10, A11, A13, B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6, B7, B8, B9, B13, C4, C5, C6, C8, C9, C10, C11, C12, C13, D1, D3, D4, D8, D9, D10, D11, D12, D13) · HOPX · IRX (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, MKX) · LMX (1A, 1B) · MEIS (1, 2) · MEOX2 · MNX1 · MSX (1, 2) · NANOG · NKX (2-1, 2-2, 2-3, 2-5, 3-1, 3-2, 6-1, 6-2) · NOBOX · PBX (1, 2, 3) · PHF (1, 3, 6, 8, 10, 16, 17, 20, 21A) · PHOX (2A, 2B) · PITX (1, 2, 3) · POU domain (PIT-1, BRN-3: A, B, C, Octamer transcription factor: 1, 2, 3/4, 6, 7, 11) · OTX (1, 2) · PDX1 · SATB2 · SHOX2 · SIX (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) · VAX1 · ZEB (1, 2)

(3.2) Paired box	PAX (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)

(3.3) Fork head / winged helix	E2F (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) · FOX proteins (A1, A2, A3, C1, C2, D3, D4, E1, E3, F1, G1, H1, I1, J1, J2, K1, K2, L2, M1, N1, N3, O1, O3, O4, P1, P2, P3, P4)

(3.4) Heat Shock Factors	HSF (1, 2, 4)

(3.5) Tryptophan clusters	ELF (2, 4, 5) · EGF · ELK (1, 3, 4) · ERF · ETS (1, 2, ERG, SPIB) · ETV (1, 4, 5, 6) · FLI1 · Interferon regulatory factors (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8) · MYB · MYBL2

(3.6) TEA domain	transcriptional enhancer factor (1, 2, 3, 4)

(4) β-Scaffold factors with minor groove contacts

(4.1) Rel homology region	NF-κB (NFKB1, NFKB2, REL, RELA, RELB) · NFAT (C1, C2, C3, C4, 5)

(4.2) STAT	STAT (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)

(4.3) p53	p53 · TBX (1, 2, 3, 5, 19, 21, 22, Brachyury, TBR1, TBR2) · TP63

(4.4) MADS box	Mef2 (A, B, C, D) · SRF

(4.6) TATA binding proteins	TBP · TBPL1

(4.7) High-mobility group	BBX · HMGB (1, 2, 3, 4) · HMGN (1, 2, 3, 4) · HNF (1A, 1B) · LEF1 · SOX (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 21) · SRY · SSRP1 · TCF (3, 4) · TOX (1, 2, 3, 4)

(4.9) Grainyhead	TFCP2

(4.10) Cold-shock domain	CSDA, YBX1

(4.11) Runt	CBF (CBFA2T2, CBFA2T3, RUNX1, RUNX2, RUNX3, RUNX1T1)

(0) Other transcription factors

(0.2) HMGI(Y)	HMGA (1, 2) · HBP1

(0.3) Pocket domain	Rb · RBL1 · RBL2

(0.5) AP-2/EREBP-related factors	Apetala 2 · EREBP · B3

(0.6) Miscellaneous	ARID (1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B, 4A) · CAP · IFI (16, 35) · MLL (2, 3, T1) · MNDA · NFY (A, B, C) · Rho/Sigma

see also transcription factor/coregulator deficiencies
B bsyn: dna (repl, cycl, reco, repr) · tscr (fact, tcrg, nucl, rnat, rept, ptts) · tltn (risu, pttl, nexn) · dnab, rnab/runp · stru (domn, 1°, 2°, 3°, 4°)

This page is based on a Wikipedia article. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.

This tab holds the annotation information that is stored in the Pfam database. As we move to using Wikipedia as our main source of annotation, the contents of this tab will be gradually replaced by the Wikipedia tab.

Fungal Zn(2)-Cys(6) binuclear cluster domain Provide feedback

No Pfam abstract.

External database links

HOMSTRAD:	GAL4
PANDIT:	PF00172
PRINTS:	PR00054
PROSITE:	PDOC00378
Pseudofam:	PF00172
SCOP:	1d66
SYSTERS:	Zn_clus

This tab holds annotation information from the InterPro database.

InterPro entry IPR001138

The N-terminal region of a number of fungal transcriptional regulatory proteins contains a Cys-rich motif that is involved in zinc-dependent binding of DNA. The region forms a binuclear Zn cluster, in which two Zn atoms are bound by six Cys residues [PUBMED:2107541, PUBMED:1557122]. A wide range of proteins are known to contain this domain. These include the proteins involved in arginine, proline, pyrimidine, quinate, maltose and galactose metabolism; amide and GABA catabolism; leucine biosynthesis, amongst others.

Gene Ontology

The mapping between Pfam and Gene Ontology is provided by InterPro. If you use this data please cite InterPro.

Cellular component	nucleus (GO:0005634)
Molecular function	sequence-specific DNA binding RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity (GO:0000981)
Molecular function	zinc ion binding (GO:0008270)
Biological process	regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent (GO:0006355)

Domain organisation

Below is a listing of the unique domain organisations or architectures in which this domain is found. More...

Loading domain graphics...

Alignments

We store a range of different sequence alignments for families. As well as the seed alignment from which the family is built, we provide the full alignment, generated by searching the sequence database using the family HMM. We also generate alignments using four representative proteomes (RP) sets, the NCBI sequence database, and our metagenomics sequence database. More...

There are various ways to view or download the sequence alignments that we store. We provide several sequence viewers and a plain-text Stockholm-format file for download.

Alignment types

We make a range of alignments for each Pfam-A family:

seed: the curated alignment from which the HMM for the family is built
full: the alignment generated by searching the sequence database using the HMM
RP15/RP35/RP55/RP75: Representative Proteomes (RPs) at 15%, 35%, 55% and 75% co-membership thresholds
NCBI: alignment generated by searching the NCBI sequence database using the family HMM
meta: alignment generated by searching the metagenomics sequence database using the family HMM

Viewing

You can see the alignments as HTML or in three different sequence viewers:

jalview: a Java applet developed at the University of Dundee. You will need Java installed before running jalview
HTML: an HTML page showing the whole alignment.Please note: full Pfam alignments can be very large. These HTML views are extremely large and often cause problems for browsers. Please use either jalview or the Pfam viewer if you have trouble viewing the HTML version
PP/Heatmap: an HTML-based representation of the alignment, coloured according to the posterior-probability (PP) values from the HMM. As for the standard HTML view, heatmap alignments can also be very large and slow to render.
Pfam viewer: an HTML-based viewer that uses DAS to retrieve alignment fragments on request

Reformatting

You can download (or view in your browser) a text representation of a Pfam alignment in various formats:

Selex
Stockholm
FASTA
MSF

You can also change the order in which sequences are listed in the alignment, change how insertions are represented, alter the characters that are used to represent gaps in sequences and, finally, choose whether to download the alignment or to view it in your browser directly.

Downloading

You may find that large alignments cause problems for the viewers and the reformatting tool, so we also provide all alignments in Stockholm format. You can download either the plain text alignment, or a gzipped version of it.

View options

We make a range of alignments for each Pfam-A family. You can see a description of each above. You can view these alignments in various ways but please note that some types of alignment are never generated while others may not be available for all families, most commonly because the alignments are too large to handle.

	Seed (29)	Full (13354)	Representative proteomes				NCBI (14063)	Meta (8)
	Seed (29)	Full (13354)	RP15 (1813)	RP35 (5198)	RP55 (8893)	RP75 (10553)	NCBI (14063)	Meta (8)
Jalview	View	View	View	View	View	View	View	View
HTML	View		View
PP/heatmap	₁		View
Pfam viewer	View	View

¹Cannot generate PP/Heatmap alignments for seeds; no PP data available

Key: available, not generated, — not available.

Format an alignment

	Seed (29)	Full (13354)	Representative proteomes				NCBI (14063)	Meta (8)
	Seed (29)	Full (13354)	RP15 (1813)	RP35 (5198)	RP55 (8893)	RP75 (10553)	NCBI (14063)	Meta (8)
Alignment:
Format:
Order:	Tree Alphabetical
Sequence:	Inserts lower case All upper case
Gaps:
Download/view:	Download View

Download options

We make all of our alignments available in Stockholm format. You can download them here as raw, plain text files or as gzip-compressed files.

	Seed (29)	Full (13354)	Representative proteomes				NCBI (14063)	Meta (8)
	Seed (29)	Full (13354)	RP15 (1813)	RP35 (5198)	RP55 (8893)	RP75 (10553)	NCBI (14063)	Meta (8)
Raw Stockholm	Download	Download	Download	Download	Download	Download	Download	Download
Gzipped	Download	Download	Download	Download	Download	Download	Download	Download

You can also download a FASTA format file containing the full-length sequences for all sequences in the full alignment.

External links

MyHits provides a collection of tools to handle multiple sequence alignments. For example, one can refine a seed alignment (sequence addition or removal, re-alignment or manual edition) and then search databases for remote homologs using HMMER3.

HMM logo

HMM logos is one way of visualising profile HMMs. Logos provide a quick overview of the properties of an HMM in a graphical form. You can see a more detailed description of HMM logos and find out how you can interpret them here. More...

Trees

This page displays the phylogenetic tree for this family's seed alignment. We use FastTree to calculate neighbour join trees with a local bootstrap based on 100 resamples (shown next to the tree nodes). FastTree calculates approximately-maximum-likelihood phylogenetic trees from our seed alignment.

Note: You can also download the data file for the tree.

Curation and family details

This section shows the detailed information about the Pfam family. You can see the definitions of many of the terms in this section in the glossary and a fuller explanation of the scoring system that we use in the scores section of the help pages.

Curation

Seed source:

Prosite

Previous IDs:

none

Type:

Domain

Author:

Sonnhammer ELL

Number in seed:

29

Number in full:

13354

Average length of the domain:

39.10 aa

Average identity of full alignment:

32 %

Average coverage of the sequence by the domain:

5.66 %

HMM information

HMM build commands:

build method: hmmbuild -o /dev/null HMM SEED

search method: hmmsearch -Z 23193494 -E 1000 --cpu 4 HMM pfamseq

Model details:

Parameter	Sequence	Domain
Gathering cut-off	20.8	20.8
Trusted cut-off	20.8	20.8
Noise cut-off	20.7	20.7

Model length:

40

Family (HMM) version:

13

Download:

download the raw HMM for this family

Species distribution

Sunburst
Tree

Sunburst controls

Show

This visualisation provides a simple graphical representation of the distribution of this family across species. You can find the original interactive tree in the adjacent tab. More...

This chart is a modified "sunburst" visualisation of the species tree for this family. It shows each node in the tree as a separate arc, arranged radially with the superkingdoms at the centre and the species arrayed around the outermost ring.

How the sunburst is generated

The tree is built by considering the taxonomic lineage of each sequence that has a match to this family. For each node in the resulting tree, we draw an arc in the sunburst. The radius of the arc, its distance from the root node at the centre of the sunburst, shows the taxonomic level ("superkingdom", "kingdom", etc). The length of the arc represents either the number of sequences represented at a given level, or the number of species that are found beneath the node in the tree. The weighting scheme can be changed using the sunburst controls.

In order to reduce the complexity of the representation, we reduce the number of taxonomic levels that we show. We consider only the following eight major taxonomic levels:

superkingdom
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species

Colouring and labels

Segments of the tree are coloured approximately according to their superkingdom. For example, archeal branches are coloured with shades of orange, eukaryotes in shades of purple, etc. The colour assignments are shown under the sunburst controls. Where space allows, the name of the taxonomic level will be written on the arc itself.

As you move your mouse across the sunburst, the current node will be highlighted. In the top section of the controls panel we show a summary of the lineage of the currently highlighed node. If you pause over an arc, a tooltip will be shown, giving the name of the taxonomic level in the title and a summary of the number of sequences and species below that node in the tree.

Anomalies in the taxonomy tree

There are some situations that the sunburst tree cannot easily handle and for which we have work-arounds in place.

Missing taxonomic levels

Some species in the taxonomic tree may not have one or more of the main eight levels that we display. For example, Bos taurus is not assigned an order in the NCBI taxonomic tree. In such cases we mark the omitted level with, for example, "No order", in both the tooltip and the lineage summary.

Unmapped species names

The tree is built by looking at each sequence in the full alignment for the family. We take the name of the species given by UniProt and try to map that to the full taxonomic tree from NCBI. In some cases, the name chosen by UniProt does not map to any node in the NCBI tree, perhaps because the chosen name is listed as a synonym or a misspelling in the NCBI taxonomy.

So that these nodes are not simply omitted from the sunburst tree, we group them together in a separate branch (or segment of the sunburst tree). Since we cannot determine the lineage for these unmapped species, we show all levels between the superkingdom and the species as "uncategorised".

Sub-species

Since we reduce the species tree to only the eight main taxonomic levels, sequences that are mapped to the sub-species level in the tree would not normally be shown. Rather than leave out these species, we map them instead to their parent species. So, for example, for sequences belonging to one of the Vibrio cholerae sub-species in the NCBI taxonomy, we show them instead as belonging to the species Vibrio cholerae.

Too many species/sequences

For large species trees, you may see blank regions in the outer layers of the sunburst. These occur when there are large numbers of arcs to be drawn in a small space. If an arc is less than approximately one pixel wide, it will not be drawn and the space will be left blank. You may still be able to get some information about the species in that region by moving your mouse across the area, but since each arc will be very small, it will be difficult to accurately locate a particular species.

Loading sunburst data...

Tree controls

Hide

The tree shows the occurrence of this domain across different species. More...

Species trees

We show the species tree in one of two ways. For smaller trees we try to show an interactive representation, which allows you to select specific nodes in the tree and view them as an alignment or as a set of Pfam domain graphics.

Unfortunately we have found that there are problems viewing the interactive tree when the it becomes larger than a certain limit. Furthermore, we have found that Internet Explorer can become unresponsive when viewing some trees, regardless of their size. We therefore show a text representation of the species tree when the size is above a certain limit or if you are using Internet Explorer to view the site.

If you are using IE you can still load the interactive tree by clicking the "Generate interactive tree" button, but please be aware of the potential problems that the interactive species tree can cause.

Interactive tree

For all of the domain matches in a full alignment, we count the number that are found on all sequences in the alignment. This total is shown in the purple box.

We also count the number of unique sequences on which each domain is found, which is shown in green. Note that a domain may appear multiple times on the same sequence, leading to the difference between these two numbers.

Finally, we group sequences from the same organism according to the NCBI code that is assigned by UniProt, allowing us to count the number of distinct sequences on which the domain is found. This value is shown in the pink boxes.

We use the NCBI species tree to group organisms according to their taxonomy and this forms the structure of the displayed tree. Note that in some cases the trees are too large (have too many nodes) to allow us to build an interactive tree, but in most cases you can still view the tree in a plain text, non-interactive representation. Those species which are represented in the seed alignment for this domain are highlighted.

You can use the tree controls to manipulate how the interactive tree is displayed:

show/hide the summary boxes
highlight species that are represented in the seed alignment
expand/collapse the tree or expand it to a given depth
select a sub-tree or a set of species within the tree and view them graphically or as an alignment
save a plain text representation of the tree

Loading...

Please note: for large trees this can take some time. While the tree is loading, you can safely switch away from this tab but if you browse away from the family page entirely, the tree will not be loaded.

Interactions

There is 1 interaction for this family. More...

Zn_clus

Structures

For those sequences which have a structure in the Protein DataBank, we use the mapping between UniProt, PDB and Pfam coordinate systems from the PDBe group, to allow us to map Pfam domains onto UniProt sequences and three-dimensional protein structures. The table below shows the structures on which the Zn_clus domain has been found. There are 36 instances of this domain found in the PDB. Note that there may be multiple copies of the domain in a single PDB structure, since many structures contain multiple copies of the same protein seqence.

Loading structure mapping...

Archea	Eukaryota
Bacteria	Other sequences
Viruses	Unclassified
Viroids	Unclassified sequence

Family: Zn_clus (PF00172)

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Summary: Fungal Zn(2)-Cys(6) binuclear cluster domain

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Zinc finger Edit Wikipedia article

Contents

[edit] History

[edit] Domain

[edit] Classes

[edit] Cys2His2

[edit] Gag-knuckle

[edit] Treble-clef

[edit] Zinc Ribbon

[edit] Zn2/Cys6

[edit] Miscellaneous

[edit] Applications

[edit] Zinc finger nucleases

[edit] Methods of engineering zinc finger arrays

[edit] Examples

[edit] See also

[edit] References

[edit] External links

Fungal Zn(2)-Cys(6) binuclear cluster domain Provide feedback

External database links

InterPro entry IPR001138

Gene Ontology

Domain organisation

Alignments

Alignment types

Viewing

Reformatting

Downloading

View options

Format an alignment

Download options

External links

HMM logo

Trees

Curation and family details

Curation

HMM information

Species distribution

Sunburst controls

Weight segments by...

Change the size of the sunburst

Colour assignments

Selections

Currently selected:

How the sunburst is generated

Colouring and labels

Anomalies in the taxonomy tree

Missing taxonomic levels

Unmapped species names

Sub-species

Too many species/sequences

Tree controls

Annotation

Download tree

Selected sequences

Species trees

Interactive tree

Interactions

Structures

[edit] Cys₂His₂

[edit] Zn₂/Cys₆