Summary: Enhancer of rudimentary

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Wikipedia: ERH (gene)
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This is the Wikipedia entry entitled "ERH (gene)". More...

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ERH (gene) Edit Wikipedia article

Enhancer of rudimentary homolog (Drosophila)

PDB rendering based on 1w9g.

Available structures

PDB

Ortholog search: PDBe, RCSB

List of PDB id codes
1W9G, 2NML

Identifiers

Symbols

ERH; DROER

External IDs

OMIM: 601191 MGI: 108089 HomoloGene: 3274 GeneCards: ERH Gene

Gene Ontology
Molecular function	• protein binding
Cellular component	• midbody
Biological process	• nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process • pyrimidine nucleoside metabolic process • cell cycle
Sources: Amigo / QuickGO

RNA expression pattern

More reference expression data

Orthologs

Species

Human

Mouse

RefSeq (mRNA)

RefSeq (protein)

Location (UCSC)

Chr 14:
69.85 – 69.87 Mb

Chr 12:
80.63 – 80.64 Mb

PubMed search

[1]

[2]

Enhancer of rudimentary

crystal structure of enhancer of rudimentary homologue (erh)

Identifiers

Symbol

ER

Available protein structures:
Pfam	structures
PDB	RCSB PDB; PDBe
PDBsum	structure summary

In molecular biology, Enhancer of rudimentary homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ERH gene.^[1]^[2]^[3]

The Drosophila protein enhancer of rudimentary protein is a small protein of 104 amino acids. It has been found to be an enhancer of the rudimentary gene, involved in pyrimidine biosynthesis.^[4]

From an evolutionary point of view, enhancer of rudimentary is highly conserved and has been found to exist in probably all multicellular eukaryotic organisms.^[2] It has been proposed that this protein plays a role in the cell cycle.

[edit] References

^ Isomura M, Okui K, Fujiwara T, Shin S, Nakamura Y (Sep 1996). "Cloning and mapping of a novel human cDNA homologous to DROER, the enhancer of the Drosophila melanogaster rudimentary gene". Genomics 32 (1): 125–7. doi:10.1006/geno.1996.0086. PMID 8786099.
^ ^a ^b Gelsthorpe M, Pulumati M, McCallum C, Dang-Vu K, Tsubota SI (Apr 1997). "The putative cell cycle gene, enhancer of rudimentary, encodes a highly conserved protein found in plants and animals". Gene 186 (2): 189–95. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(96)00701-9. PMID 9074495.
^ "Entrez Gene: ERH enhancer of rudimentary homolog (Drosophila)". http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=2079.
^ Wojcik, E.; Murphy, A. M.; Fares, H.; Dang-Vu, K.; Tsubota, S. I. (1994). "Enhancer of rudimentaryp1, e(r)p1, a highly conserved enhancer of the rudimentary gene". Genetics 138 (4): 1163–1170. PMC 1206255. PMID 7896098. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1206255/. edit

[edit] Further reading

Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC139241/.
Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). "The Status, Quality, and Expansion of the NIH Full-Length cDNA Project: The Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121–7. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMC 528928. PMID 15489334. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC528928/.
Andersen JS, Lam YW, Leung AK, et al. (2005). "Nucleolar proteome dynamics". Nature 433 (7021): 77–83. doi:10.1038/nature03207. PMID 15635413.
Amente S, Napolitano G, Licciardo P, et al. (2005). "Identification of proteins interacting with the RNAPII FCP1 phosphatase: FCP1 forms a complex with arginine methyltransferase PRMT5 and it is a substrate for PRMT5-mediated methylation". FEBS Lett. 579 (3): 683–9. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2004.12.045. PMID 15670829.
Wan C, Tempel W, Liu ZJ, et al. (2005). "Structure of the conserved transcriptional repressor enhancer of rudimentary homolog". Biochemistry 44 (13): 5017–23. doi:10.1021/bi047785w. PMID 15794639.
Stelzl U, Worm U, Lalowski M, et al. (2005). "A human protein-protein interaction network: a resource for annotating the proteome". Cell 122 (6): 957–68. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.08.029. PMID 16169070.
Ewing RM, Chu P, Elisma F, et al. (2007). "Large-scale mapping of human protein–protein interactions by mass spectrometry". Mol. Syst. Biol. 3 (1): 89. doi:10.1038/msb4100134. PMC 1847948. PMID 17353931. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1847948/.
Jin T, Guo F, Serebriiskii IG, et al. (2007). "A 1.55 A resolution X-ray crystal structure of HEF2/ERH and insights into its transcriptional and cell-cycle interaction networks". Proteins 68 (2): 427–37. doi:10.1002/prot.21343. PMID 17444515.

PDB gallery

1w9g: STRUCTURE OF ERH (ENHENCER OF RUDIMENTARY GENE)

1wwq: Solution Structure of Mouse ER

1wz7: Crystal structure of enhancer of rudimentary homologue (ERH)

2nml: Crystal structure of HEF2/ERH at 1.55 A resolution

This article on a gene on chromosome 14 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

This article incorporates text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro IPR000781

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Enhancer of rudimentary Provide feedback

Enhancer of rudimentary is a protein of unknown function that is highly conserved in plants and animals. This protein is found to be an enhancer of the rudimentary gene P05990.

Literature references

Wojcik E, Murphy AM, Fares H, Dang-Vu K, Tsubota SI; , Genetics 1994;138:1163-1170.: Enhancer of rudimentaryp1, e(r)p1, a highly conserved enhancer of the rudimentary gene. PUBMED:7896098 EPMC:7896098
Gelsthorpe M, Pulumati M, McCallum C, Dang-Vu K, Tsubota SI; , Gene 1997;186:189-195.: The putative cell cycle gene, enhancer of rudimentary, encodes a highly conserved protein found in plants and animals. PUBMED:9074495 EPMC:9074495

External database links

PANDIT:	PF01133
PROSITE:	PDOC00992
Pseudofam:	PF01133
SYSTERS:	ER

This tab holds annotation information from the InterPro database.

InterPro entry IPR000781

The Drosophila protein 'enhancer of rudimentary' (gene (e(r)) is a small protein of 104 residues whose function is not yet clear. From an evolutionary point of view, it is highly conserved [PUBMED:9074495] and has been found to exist in probably all multicellular eukaryotic organisms. It has been proposed that this protein plays a role in the cell cycle.

Gene Ontology

The mapping between Pfam and Gene Ontology is provided by InterPro. If you use this data please cite InterPro.

Biological process

cell cycle (GO:0007049)

Domain organisation

Below is a listing of the unique domain organisations or architectures in which this domain is found. More...

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Alignments

We store a range of different sequence alignments for families. As well as the seed alignment from which the family is built, we provide the full alignment, generated by searching the sequence database using the family HMM. We also generate alignments using four representative proteomes (RP) sets, the NCBI sequence database, and our metagenomics sequence database. More...

There are various ways to view or download the sequence alignments that we store. We provide several sequence viewers and a plain-text Stockholm-format file for download.

Alignment types

We make a range of alignments for each Pfam-A family:

seed: the curated alignment from which the HMM for the family is built
full: the alignment generated by searching the sequence database using the HMM
RP15/RP35/RP55/RP75: Representative Proteomes (RPs) at 15%, 35%, 55% and 75% co-membership thresholds
NCBI: alignment generated by searching the NCBI sequence database using the family HMM
meta: alignment generated by searching the metagenomics sequence database using the family HMM

Viewing

You can see the alignments as HTML or in three different sequence viewers:

jalview: a Java applet developed at the University of Dundee. You will need Java installed before running jalview
HTML: an HTML page showing the whole alignment.Please note: full Pfam alignments can be very large. These HTML views are extremely large and often cause problems for browsers. Please use either jalview or the Pfam viewer if you have trouble viewing the HTML version
PP/Heatmap: an HTML-based representation of the alignment, coloured according to the posterior-probability (PP) values from the HMM. As for the standard HTML view, heatmap alignments can also be very large and slow to render.
Pfam viewer: an HTML-based viewer that uses DAS to retrieve alignment fragments on request

Reformatting

You can download (or view in your browser) a text representation of a Pfam alignment in various formats:

Selex
Stockholm
FASTA
MSF

You can also change the order in which sequences are listed in the alignment, change how insertions are represented, alter the characters that are used to represent gaps in sequences and, finally, choose whether to download the alignment or to view it in your browser directly.

Downloading

You may find that large alignments cause problems for the viewers and the reformatting tool, so we also provide all alignments in Stockholm format. You can download either the plain text alignment, or a gzipped version of it.

View options

We make a range of alignments for each Pfam-A family. You can see a description of each above. You can view these alignments in various ways but please note that some types of alignment are never generated while others may not be available for all families, most commonly because the alignments are too large to handle.

	Seed (13)	Full (234)	Representative proteomes				NCBI (192)	Meta (0)
	Seed (13)	Full (234)	RP15 (44)	RP35 (65)	RP55 (117)	RP75 (154)	NCBI (192)	Meta (0)
Jalview	View	View	View	View	View	View	View
HTML	View	View	View	View	View	View
PP/heatmap	₁	View	View	View	View	View
Pfam viewer	View	View

¹Cannot generate PP/Heatmap alignments for seeds; no PP data available

Key: available, not generated, — not available.

Format an alignment

	Seed (13)	Full (234)	Representative proteomes				NCBI (192)	Meta (0)
	Seed (13)	Full (234)	RP15 (44)	RP35 (65)	RP55 (117)	RP75 (154)	NCBI (192)	Meta (0)
Alignment:
Format:
Order:	Tree Alphabetical
Sequence:	Inserts lower case All upper case
Gaps:
Download/view:	Download View

Download options

We make all of our alignments available in Stockholm format. You can download them here as raw, plain text files or as gzip-compressed files.

	Seed (13)	Full (234)	Representative proteomes				NCBI (192)	Meta (0)
	Seed (13)	Full (234)	RP15 (44)	RP35 (65)	RP55 (117)	RP75 (154)	NCBI (192)	Meta (0)
Raw Stockholm	Download	Download	Download	Download	Download	Download	Download
Gzipped	Download	Download	Download	Download	Download	Download	Download

You can also download a FASTA format file containing the full-length sequences for all sequences in the full alignment.

External links

MyHits provides a collection of tools to handle multiple sequence alignments. For example, one can refine a seed alignment (sequence addition or removal, re-alignment or manual edition) and then search databases for remote homologs using HMMER3.

HMM logo

HMM logos is one way of visualising profile HMMs. Logos provide a quick overview of the properties of an HMM in a graphical form. You can see a more detailed description of HMM logos and find out how you can interpret them here. More...

Trees

This page displays the phylogenetic tree for this family's seed alignment. We use FastTree to calculate neighbour join trees with a local bootstrap based on 100 resamples (shown next to the tree nodes). FastTree calculates approximately-maximum-likelihood phylogenetic trees from our seed alignment.

Note: You can also download the data file for the tree.

Curation and family details

This section shows the detailed information about the Pfam family. You can see the definitions of many of the terms in this section in the glossary and a fuller explanation of the scoring system that we use in the scores section of the help pages.

Curation

Seed source:

Prosite

Previous IDs:

none

Type:

Family

Author:

Finn RD, Bateman A

Number in seed:

13

Number in full:

234

Average length of the domain:

97.70 aa

Average identity of full alignment:

53 %

Average coverage of the sequence by the domain:

65.02 %

HMM information

HMM build commands:

build method: hmmbuild -o /dev/null HMM SEED

search method: hmmsearch -Z 23193494 -E 1000 --cpu 4 HMM pfamseq

Model details:

Parameter	Sequence	Domain
Gathering cut-off	25.0	25.0
Trusted cut-off	25.7	34.1
Noise cut-off	20.9	24.1

Model length:

103

Family (HMM) version:

12

Download:

download the raw HMM for this family

Species distribution

Sunburst
Tree

Sunburst controls

Show

This visualisation provides a simple graphical representation of the distribution of this family across species. You can find the original interactive tree in the adjacent tab. More...

This chart is a modified "sunburst" visualisation of the species tree for this family. It shows each node in the tree as a separate arc, arranged radially with the superkingdoms at the centre and the species arrayed around the outermost ring.

How the sunburst is generated

The tree is built by considering the taxonomic lineage of each sequence that has a match to this family. For each node in the resulting tree, we draw an arc in the sunburst. The radius of the arc, its distance from the root node at the centre of the sunburst, shows the taxonomic level ("superkingdom", "kingdom", etc). The length of the arc represents either the number of sequences represented at a given level, or the number of species that are found beneath the node in the tree. The weighting scheme can be changed using the sunburst controls.

In order to reduce the complexity of the representation, we reduce the number of taxonomic levels that we show. We consider only the following eight major taxonomic levels:

superkingdom
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species

Colouring and labels

Segments of the tree are coloured approximately according to their superkingdom. For example, archeal branches are coloured with shades of orange, eukaryotes in shades of purple, etc. The colour assignments are shown under the sunburst controls. Where space allows, the name of the taxonomic level will be written on the arc itself.

As you move your mouse across the sunburst, the current node will be highlighted. In the top section of the controls panel we show a summary of the lineage of the currently highlighed node. If you pause over an arc, a tooltip will be shown, giving the name of the taxonomic level in the title and a summary of the number of sequences and species below that node in the tree.

Anomalies in the taxonomy tree

There are some situations that the sunburst tree cannot easily handle and for which we have work-arounds in place.

Missing taxonomic levels

Some species in the taxonomic tree may not have one or more of the main eight levels that we display. For example, Bos taurus is not assigned an order in the NCBI taxonomic tree. In such cases we mark the omitted level with, for example, "No order", in both the tooltip and the lineage summary.

Unmapped species names

The tree is built by looking at each sequence in the full alignment for the family. We take the name of the species given by UniProt and try to map that to the full taxonomic tree from NCBI. In some cases, the name chosen by UniProt does not map to any node in the NCBI tree, perhaps because the chosen name is listed as a synonym or a misspelling in the NCBI taxonomy.

So that these nodes are not simply omitted from the sunburst tree, we group them together in a separate branch (or segment of the sunburst tree). Since we cannot determine the lineage for these unmapped species, we show all levels between the superkingdom and the species as "uncategorised".

Sub-species

Since we reduce the species tree to only the eight main taxonomic levels, sequences that are mapped to the sub-species level in the tree would not normally be shown. Rather than leave out these species, we map them instead to their parent species. So, for example, for sequences belonging to one of the Vibrio cholerae sub-species in the NCBI taxonomy, we show them instead as belonging to the species Vibrio cholerae.

Too many species/sequences

For large species trees, you may see blank regions in the outer layers of the sunburst. These occur when there are large numbers of arcs to be drawn in a small space. If an arc is less than approximately one pixel wide, it will not be drawn and the space will be left blank. You may still be able to get some information about the species in that region by moving your mouse across the area, but since each arc will be very small, it will be difficult to accurately locate a particular species.

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Tree controls

Hide

The tree shows the occurrence of this domain across different species. More...

Species trees

We show the species tree in one of two ways. For smaller trees we try to show an interactive representation, which allows you to select specific nodes in the tree and view them as an alignment or as a set of Pfam domain graphics.

Unfortunately we have found that there are problems viewing the interactive tree when the it becomes larger than a certain limit. Furthermore, we have found that Internet Explorer can become unresponsive when viewing some trees, regardless of their size. We therefore show a text representation of the species tree when the size is above a certain limit or if you are using Internet Explorer to view the site.

If you are using IE you can still load the interactive tree by clicking the "Generate interactive tree" button, but please be aware of the potential problems that the interactive species tree can cause.

Interactive tree

For all of the domain matches in a full alignment, we count the number that are found on all sequences in the alignment. This total is shown in the purple box.

We also count the number of unique sequences on which each domain is found, which is shown in green. Note that a domain may appear multiple times on the same sequence, leading to the difference between these two numbers.

Finally, we group sequences from the same organism according to the NCBI code that is assigned by UniProt, allowing us to count the number of distinct sequences on which the domain is found. This value is shown in the pink boxes.

We use the NCBI species tree to group organisms according to their taxonomy and this forms the structure of the displayed tree. Note that in some cases the trees are too large (have too many nodes) to allow us to build an interactive tree, but in most cases you can still view the tree in a plain text, non-interactive representation. Those species which are represented in the seed alignment for this domain are highlighted.

You can use the tree controls to manipulate how the interactive tree is displayed:

show/hide the summary boxes
highlight species that are represented in the seed alignment
expand/collapse the tree or expand it to a given depth
select a sub-tree or a set of species within the tree and view them graphically or as an alignment
save a plain text representation of the tree

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Please note: for large trees this can take some time. While the tree is loading, you can safely switch away from this tab but if you browse away from the family page entirely, the tree will not be loaded.

Interactions

There is 1 interaction for this family. More...

ER

Structures

For those sequences which have a structure in the Protein DataBank, we use the mapping between UniProt, PDB and Pfam coordinate systems from the PDBe group, to allow us to map Pfam domains onto UniProt sequences and three-dimensional protein structures. The table below shows the structures on which the ER domain has been found. There are 7 instances of this domain found in the PDB. Note that there may be multiple copies of the domain in a single PDB structure, since many structures contain multiple copies of the same protein seqence.

Loading structure mapping...

Archea	Eukaryota
Bacteria	Other sequences
Viruses	Unclassified
Viroids	Unclassified sequence

Family: ER (PF01133)

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