Summary: Ferredoxin thioredoxin reductase variable alpha chain

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Wikipedia: Ferredoxin-thioredoxin reductase
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Ferredoxin-thioredoxin reductase Edit Wikipedia article

Ferredoxin thioredoxin reductase variable alpha chain

crystal structure of ferredoxin thioredoxin reductase

Identifiers

Symbol

FeThRed_A

Available protein structures:
Pfam	structures
PDB	RCSB PDB; PDBe
PDBsum	structure summary

Ferredoxin thioredoxin reductase catalytic beta chain

crystal structure of ferredoxin thioredoxin reductase

Identifiers

Symbol

FeThRed_B

Available protein structures:
Pfam	structures
PDB	RCSB PDB; PDBe
PDBsum	structure summary

Ferredoxin-thioredoxin reductase EC 1.8.7.2, systematic name ferredoxin:thioredoxin disulfide oxidoreductase, is a [4Fe-4S] protein that plays an important role in the ferredoxin/thioredoxin regulatory chain. It catalyzes the following reaction:

2 reduced ferredoxin + thioredoxin disulfide $\rightleftharpoons$ 2 oxidized ferredoxin + thioredoxin thiols + 2 H⁺

Ferredoxin-Thioredoxin reductase (FTR) converts an electron signal (photoreduced ferredoxin) to a thiol signal (reduced thioredoxin), regulating enzymes by reduction of specific disulfide groups. It catalyses the light-dependent activation of several photosynthesis enzymes and constitutes the first historical example of a thiol/disulfide exchange cascade for enzyme regulation.^[1] It is a heterodimer of subunit alpha and subunit beta. Subunit alpha is the variable subunit, and beta is the catalytic chain. The structure of the beta subunit has been determined and found to fold around the FeS cluster.^[2]

[edit] Biological Function

Major groups of oxygen-producing, photosynthetic organisms such as cyanobacteria, algae, C4, C3, and crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plants use Ferredoxin-thioredoxin reductase for carbon fixation regulation. ^[3] FTR, as part of a greater Ferredoxin-Thioredoxin system, allows plants to change their metabolism based on light intensity. Specifically, the Ferredoxin-Thioredoxin system controls enzymes in the Calvin Cycle and Pentose phosphate pathway - allowing plants to balance carbohydrate synthesis and degradation based on the availability of light.^[4] In the light, photosynthesis harnesses light energy and reduces Ferredoxin. Using FTR, reduced Ferredoxin then reduces Thioredoxin. Thioredoxin, through thiol/disulfide exchange, then activates carbohydrate synthesis enzymes such as chloroplast fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, Sedoheptulose-bisphosphatase, and phosphoribulokinase.^[5] As a result, light uses FTR to activate carbohydrate biosynthesis. In the dark, Ferredoxin remains oxidized. This leaves Thioredoxin inactive and allows carbohydrate breakdown to dominate metabolism^[4].

[edit] Structure

Ferredoxin-Thioredoxin Reductase is an α-β heterodimer of approximately 30 kDa.^[6] FTR structure across different plant species include a conserved catalytic β subunit and a variable α subunit. The structure of FTR from Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 has been studied in detail and resolved at 1.6 Å.^[2] FTR resembles a thin concave disc, 10 Å across the center where a [4Fe-4S cluster] resides. One side of the cluster center contains redox-active disulfide bonds that reduce Thioredoxin while the opposite docks with reduced Ferredoxin. This two sided disc structure allows FTR to simultaneously interact with Thioredoxin and Ferredoxin.^[2]

[4Fe-4S] cluster in the Ferredoxin-thioredoxin reductase catalytic β subunit is surrounded by several Cysteine residues.

The variable α subunit has an open β barrel structure made of five antiparallel β strands. Its interaction with the catalytic subunit occurs mainly with two loops between β strands. The residues in these two loops are mostly conserved and are thought to stabilize the 4Fe-4S cluster in the catalytic subunit. Structurally, the α subunit is very similar to the PsaE protein, a subunit of Photosystem I, though the similarity is not seen in their sequences or functions.^[2]

The catalytic β subunit has a general α-helical structure with an [4Fe-4S center]. The FeS center and redox-active Cysteine residues are located within the loops of these helices. Cysteine-55, 74, 76, and 85 are coordinated in cubane-like geometry around the Fe-S center.^[2]

[edit] Enzymatic Mechanism

FTR is unique among thioredoxin reductases because it uses an Fe-S cluster cofactor rather than flavoproteins to reduce disulfide bonds. FTR catalysis begins with its interaction with reduced Ferredoxin. This proceeds with the attraction between FTR Lys-47 and Ferredoxin Glu-92.^[7] One electron from Ferredoxin and one electron from the Fe-S center is abstracted to break FTR's Cys-87 and Cys-57 disulfide bond, create a nucleophilic Cys-57, and oxidize the Fe-S center from [4Fe-4S]²⁺ to [4Fe-4S]³⁺.^[8] The structure of this one-electron (from Ferredoxin) intermediate is contested: Staples et al. suggest Cys-87 is coordinated to a Sulfur in the Fe-S center ^[6] while Dai et. al. argue Cys-87 is coordinated to an Iron.^[2] Next, the nucleophilic Cys-57, encouraged by an adjacent Histidine residue,^[9] attacks a disulfide bridge on Thioredoxin, creating a hetero-disulfide Thioredoxin intermediate. Lastly, a newly docked Ferredoxin molecule delivers the final electron to the FeS center, reducing it to its original 2+ state, reforming the Cys-87, Cys-57 disulfide, and fully reducing thioredoxin to two thiols. ^[7]

[edit] References

^ Buchanan B, Schurmann P, Wolosiuk R, Jacquot J (2002). "The ferredoxin/thioredoxin system: from discovery to molecular structures and beyond". Discoveries in Photosynthesis 73: 215-222. PMID 16245124.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Dai S, Schwendtmayer C, Schurmann P, Ramaswamy S, Eklund H (January 2000). "Redox signaling in chloroplasts: cleavage of disulfides by an iron-sulfur cluster". Science 287 (5453): 655–8. doi:10.1126/science.287.5453.655. PMID 10649999.
^ Hirasawa, Masakazu, Peter Schurmann, and Jean-Pierre Jacquot. "Oxidation-Reduction Properties of Chloroplast Thioredoxins, Ferredoxin:Thioredoxin Reductase, and Thioredoxin f-Regulated Enzymes." Biochemistry 38 (1999): 5200-5205.
^ ^a ^b Buchanan (July 1991). "Regulation of CO2 assimilation in oxygenic photosynthesis: The ferredoxin/thioredoxin system: Perspective on its discovery, present status, and future development". Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 288 (1): 1-9. doi:10.1016/0003-9861(91)90157-E. PMID 1910303.
^ Jacquot J, Lancelin J, Meyer Y (August 1997). "Thioredoxins: structure and function in plant cells". New Phytologist 136 (4): 543-570. JSTOR 2559149.
^ ^a ^b Staples C, Ameyibor E, Fu W, Gardet-Salvi L, Stritt-Etter A, Schurmann P, Knaff D, Johnson M (September 1996). "The Function and Properties of the Iron-sulfur Center in Spinach Ferredoxin:Thioredoxin Reductase: A New Biological Role for Iron-Sulfur Clusters". Biochemistry 35: 11425-11434. doi:10.1021/bi961007p.
^ ^a ^b Dai S, Friemann R, Glauser D, Bourqin F, Manieri W, Schurmann P, Eklund H (July 2007). "Structural snapshots along the reaction pathway of ferredoxin-thioredoxin reductase". Nature 448: 92-96. PMID 17611542.
^ Jameson G, Elizabeth W, Manieri W, Schurmann P, Johnson M, Huynh B (2003). "Spectroscopic Evidence for Site Specific Chemistry at a Unique Iron Site of the [4Fe-4S] Cluster in Ferredoxin:Thioredoxin Reductase". Journal of American Chemical Society 25: 1146-1147. doi:10.1021/ja029338e. PMID 12553798.
^ Glauser DA, Bourquin F, Manieri W, Schurmann P (April 2004). "Characterization of ferredoxin:thioredoxin reductase modified by site-directed mutagenesis". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 279 (16): 16662-16669. PMID 14769790.

This article incorporates text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro IPR004209

This article incorporates text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro IPR004207

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Ferredoxin thioredoxin reductase variable alpha chain Provide feedback

No Pfam abstract.

Literature references

Dai S, Schwendtmayer C, Schurmann P, Ramaswamy S, Eklund H; , Science 2000;287:655-658.: Redox signaling in chloroplasts: cleavage of disulfides by an iron-sulfur cluster. PUBMED:10649999 EPMC:10649999

External database links

PANDIT:	PF02941
Pseudofam:	PF02941
SCOP:	1dj7
SYSTERS:	FeThRed_A

This tab holds annotation information from the InterPro database.

InterPro entry IPR004207

Ferredoxin thioredoxin reductase is a [4FE-4S] protein which plays an important role in the ferredoxin/thioredoxin regulatory chain. It converts an electron signal (photoreduced ferredoxin) to a thiol signal (reduced thioredoxin), regulating enzymes by reduction of specific disulphide groups. It catalyses the light-dependent activation of several photosynthetis enzymes. Ferredoxin thioredoxin reductase is a heterodimer of subunit a and subunit b. Subunit a is the variable subunit, and b is the catalytic chain. This family is the alpha chain.

Gene Ontology

The mapping between Pfam and Gene Ontology is provided by InterPro. If you use this data please cite InterPro.

Cellular component	plastid (GO:0009536)
Molecular function	ferredoxin-NAD(P) reductase activity (GO:0008937)
Biological process	photosynthesis (GO:0015979)

Domain organisation

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	Seed (17)	Full (112)	Representative proteomes				NCBI (119)	Meta (22)
	Seed (17)	Full (112)	RP15 (12)	RP35 (35)	RP55 (45)	RP75 (52)	NCBI (119)	Meta (22)
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	Seed (17)	Full (112)	Representative proteomes				NCBI (119)	Meta (22)
	Seed (17)	Full (112)	RP15 (12)	RP35 (35)	RP55 (45)	RP75 (52)	NCBI (119)	Meta (22)
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	Seed (17)	Full (112)	Representative proteomes				NCBI (119)	Meta (22)
	Seed (17)	Full (112)	RP15 (12)	RP35 (35)	RP55 (45)	RP75 (52)	NCBI (119)	Meta (22)
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Curation

Seed source:

Structural domain

Previous IDs:

FeThRed; FeThRed_beta;

Type:

Domain

Author:

Griffiths-Jones SR

Number in seed:

17

Number in full:

112

Average length of the domain:

69.00 aa

Average identity of full alignment:

49 %

Average coverage of the sequence by the domain:

52.62 %

HMM information

HMM build commands:

build method: hmmbuild -o /dev/null HMM SEED

search method: hmmsearch -Z 23193494 -E 1000 --cpu 4 HMM pfamseq

Model details:

Parameter	Sequence	Domain
Gathering cut-off	25.0	25.0
Trusted cut-off	25.2	31.4
Noise cut-off	24.7	18.7

Model length:

67

Family (HMM) version:

10

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Interactions

There are 2 interactions for this family. More...

Thioredoxin FeThRed_B

Structures

For those sequences which have a structure in the Protein DataBank, we use the mapping between UniProt, PDB and Pfam coordinate systems from the PDBe group, to allow us to map Pfam domains onto UniProt sequences and three-dimensional protein structures. The table below shows the structures on which the FeThRed_A domain has been found. There are 8 instances of this domain found in the PDB. Note that there may be multiple copies of the domain in a single PDB structure, since many structures contain multiple copies of the same protein seqence.

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Archea	Eukaryota
Bacteria	Other sequences
Viruses	Unclassified
Viroids	Unclassified sequence

Family: FeThRed_A (PF02941)

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Summary: Ferredoxin thioredoxin reductase variable alpha chain

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Ferredoxin-thioredoxin reductase Edit Wikipedia article

Contents

[edit] Biological Function

[edit] Structure

[edit] Enzymatic Mechanism

[edit] References

Ferredoxin thioredoxin reductase variable alpha chain Provide feedback

Literature references

External database links

InterPro entry IPR004207

Gene Ontology

Domain organisation

Alignments

Alignment types

Viewing

Reformatting

Downloading

View options

Format an alignment

Download options

External links

HMM logo

Trees

Curation and family details

Curation

HMM information

Species distribution

Sunburst controls

Weight segments by...

Change the size of the sunburst

Colour assignments

Selections

Currently selected:

How the sunburst is generated

Colouring and labels

Anomalies in the taxonomy tree

Missing taxonomic levels

Unmapped species names

Sub-species

Too many species/sequences

Tree controls

Annotation

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Selected sequences

Species trees

Interactive tree

Interactions

Structures