Summary

Hemagglutinin esterase

No Pfam abstract.

InterPro entry IPR007142

Haemagglutinin-esterase fusion glycoprotein (HEF) is a multi-functional protein embedded in the viral envelope of several viruses, including influenza C virus, coronaviruses and toroviruses PUBMED:16575523, PUBMED:9817207. HEF is required for infectivity, and functions to recognise the host cell surface receptor, to fuse the viral and host cell membranes, and to destroy the receptor upon host cell infection. The haemagglutinin region of HEF is responsible for receptor recognition and membrane fusion, and bears a strong resemblance to the sialic acid-binding haemagglutinin found in influenza A and B viruses, except that it binds 9-O-acetylsialic acid. The esterase region of HEF is responsible for the destruction of the receptor, an action that is carried out by neuraminidase in influenza A and B viruses. The esterase domain is similar in structure to Streptomyces scabies esterase, and to acetylhydrolase, thioesterase I and rhamnogalacturonan acetylesterase.

The haemagglutinin-esterase glycoprotein HEF must be cleaved by the host's trypsin-like proteases to produce two peptides (HEF1 and HEF2) in order for the virus to be infectious. Once HEF is cleaved, the newly exposed N-terminal of the HEF2 peptide then acts to fuse the viral envelope to the cellular membrane of the host cell, which allows the virus to infect the host cell.

The haemagglutinin-esterase glycoprotein is a trimer, where each monomer is composed of three domains: an elongated stem active in membrane fusion, an esterase domain, and a receptor-binding domain, where the stem and receptor-binding domains together resemble influenza A virus haemagglutinin. Two of these domains are composed of non-contiguous sequence: the receptor-binding haemagglutinin domain is inserted into a surface loop of the esterase domain, and the esterase domain is inserted into a surface loop of the haemagglutinin stem.

This entry represents the core of the haemagglutinin-esterase glycoprotein, including the haemagglutinin receptor-binding domain and the esterase domain.

More information about haemagglutinin proteins can be found at Protein of the Month: Bird Flu, Haemagglutinin PUBMED:.

Clan

This family is a member of clan SGNH_hydrolase (CL0264), which contains the following 3 members:

DUF459 Hema_esterase Lipase_GDSL

Gene Ontology

Cellular component	viral envelope (GO:0019031)
Molecular function	host cell surface receptor binding (GO:0046789)
Molecular function	hydrolase activity, acting on ester bonds (GO:0016788)
Biological process	viral envelope fusion with host membrane (GO:0019064)

Internal database links

SCOOP:

GAGE ISAV_HA TilS

External database links

PANDIT:	PF03996
SCOP:	1flc
SYSTERS:	Hema_esterase

Domain organisation

Below is a listing of the unique domain organisations or architectures in which this domain is found. More...

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Alignments

There are various ways to view or download the sequence alignments that we store. You can use a sequence viewer to look at either the seed or full alignment for the family, or you can look at a plain text version of the sequence in a variety of different formats. More...

View options

Alignment:	Seed (6) Full (283) NCBI (337) Metagenomics
Viewer:

Formatting options

Alignment:	Seed (6) Full (283)
Format:
Order:	Tree Alphabetical
Sequence:	Inserts lower case All upper case
Gaps:
Download/view:	Download View

Download options

Very large alignments can often cause problems for the formatting tool above. If you find that downloading or viewing a large alignment is problematic, you can also download a gzip-compressed, Stockholm-format file containing the seed or full alignment for this family.

You can also download a FASTA format file containing the full-length sequences for all sequences in the full alignment.

The main seed and full alignments are generated using sequences from the UniProt sequence database. However, we also generate alignments using sequences from the NCBI sequence database and the "metaseq" metagenomics dataset.

You can view alignments from these two additional datasets using the form above, or you can download alignments of NCBI or metagenomics sequences, as gzip-compressed files.

Pfam alignments:	Seed (6) Full (283) NCBI (337) Metagenomics
Full length sequences	Full-sequences (283)

External links

MyHits provides a collection of tools to handle multiple sequence alignments. For example, one can refine a seed alignment (sequence addition or removal, re-alignment or manual edition) and then search databases for remote homologs using HMMER2.

HMM logo

HMM logos is one way of visualising profile HMMs. Logos provide a quick overview of the properties of an HMM in a graphical form. You can see a more detailed description of HMM logos and find out how you can interpret them here. More...

Trees

This page displays the phylogenetic tree for this family. We use FastTree to calculate neighbour join trees with a local bootstrap based on 100 resamples (shown next to the tree nodes). FastTree calculates approximately-maximum-likelihood phylogenetic trees from our seed or full alignments.

Note: You can also download the data files for the seed, full, NCBI or metagenomics trees.

Curation and family details

This section shows the detailed information about the Pfam family. You can see the definitions of many of the terms in this section in the glossary and a fuller explanation of the scoring system that we use in the scores section of the help pages.

Curation

Seed source:

Pfam-B_505 (release 5.5)

Previous IDs:

none

Type:

Domain

Author:

Finn RD, Marshall M

Number in seed:

6

Number in full:

283

Average length of the domain:

347.80 aa

Average identity of full alignment:

46 %

Average coverage of the sequence by the domain:

73.56 %

HMM information

HMM build commands:

build method: hmmbuild -o /dev/null --hand HMM SEED

search method: hmmsearch -Z 9421015 -E 1000 HMM pfamseq

Model details:

Parameter	Sequence	Domain
Gathering cut-off	25.0	25.0
Trusted cut-off	50.6	50.6
Noise cut-off	17.1	15.8

Model length:

259

Family (HMM) version:

8

Download:

download the raw HMM for this family

Species distribution

Tree controls

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The tree shows the occurrence of this domain across different species. More...

Species trees

We show the species tree in one of two ways. For smaller trees we try to show an interactive representation, which allows you to select specific nodes in the tree and view them as an alignment or as a set of Pfam domain graphics.

Unfortunately we have found that there are problems viewing the interactive tree when the it becomes larger than a certain limit. Furthermore, we have found that Internet Explorer can become unresponsive when viewing some trees, regardless of their size. We therefore show a text representation of the species tree when the size is above a certain limit or if you are using Internet Explorer to view the site.

If you are using IE you can still load the interactive tree by clicking the "Generate interactive tree" button, but please be aware of the potential problems that the interactive species tree can cause.

Interactive tree

For all of the domain matches in a full alignment, we count the number that are found on all sequences in the alignment. This total is shown in the purple box.

We also count the number of unique sequences on which each domain is found, which is shown in green. Note that a domain may appear multiple times on the same sequence, leading to the difference between these two numbers.

Finally, we group sequences from the same organism according to the NCBI code that is assigned by UniProt, allowing us to count the number of distinct sequences on which the domain is found. This value is shown in the pink boxes.

We use the NCBI species tree to group organisms according to their taxonomy and this forms the structure of the displayed tree. Note that in some cases the trees are too large (have too many nodes) to allow us to build an interactive tree, but in most cases you can still view the tree in a plain text, non-interactive representation. Those species which are represented in the seed alignment for this domain are highlighted.

You can use the tree controls to manipulate how the interactive tree is displayed:

show/hide the summary boxes
highlight species that are represented in the seed alignment
expand/collapse the tree or expand it to a given depth
select a sub-tree or a set of species within the tree and view them graphically or as an alignment
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Interactions

There are 3 interactions for this family. More...

Hema_HEFG Hema_stalk Hema_esterase

Structures

For those sequences which have a structure in the Protein DataBank, we use the mapping between UniProt, PDB and Pfam coordinate systems from the PDBe group, to allow us to map Pfam domains onto UniProt sequences and three-dimensional protein structures. The table below shows the structures on which the Hema_esterase domain has been found.

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Family: Hema_esterase (PF03996)

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