Summary

Vitamin K-dependent carboxylation/gamma-carboxyglutamic (GLA) domain

This domain is responsible for the high-affinity binding of calcium ions. This domain contains post-translational modifications of many glutamate residues by Vitamin K-dependent carboxylation to form gamma-carboxyglutamate (Gla).

Literature references

Freedman SJ, Furie BC, Furie B, Baleja JD; , Biochemistry 1995;34:12126-12137.: Structure of the calcium ion-bound gamma-carboxyglutamic acid-rich domain of factor IX. PUBMED:7547952

InterPro entry IPR000294

The GLA (gamma-carboxyglutamic acid-rich) domain contains glutamate residues that have been post-translationally modified by vitamin K-dependent carboxylation to form gamma-carboxyglutamate (Gla) PUBMED:18374189, PUBMED:11818531, PUBMED:18374194. All glutamic acid (Glu) residues present in the GLA domain are potential carboxylation sites; in coagulation proteins, all Gu residues are modified to Gla, while in osteocalcin and matrix Gla proteins only some Glu residues are modified to Gla.

The GLA domain is responsible for the high-affinity binding of calcium ions. It starts at the N-terminal extremity of the mature form of proteins and ends with a conserved aromatic residue; a conserved Gla-x(3)-Gla-x-Cys motif PUBMED:3317405 is found in the middle of the domain which seems to be important for substrate recognition by the carboxylase.

The 3D structure of the GLA domain has been solved PUBMED:7713897, PUBMED:8663165. Calcium ions induce conformational changes in the GLA domain that and are necessary for the proper folding of the GLA domain. A common structural feature of functional GLA domains is the clustering of N-terminal hydrophobic residues into a hydrophobic patch that mediates interaction with the cell surface membrane PUBMED:8663165.

Proteins known to contain a GLA domain include PUBMED:18373251:

Coagulation factor X PUBMED:17723139
Coagulation factor VII PUBMED:18642129
Coagulation factor IX PUBMED:18680528
Coagulation factor XIV (vitamin K-dependent protein C) PUBMED:16156662
Vitamin K-dependent protein S PUBMED:16460467
Vitamin K-dependent protein Z PUBMED:2403355
Prothrombin
Transthyretin
Osteocalcin (also known as bone-Gla protein, BGP)
Matrix Gla protein (MGP) PUBMED:18369157
Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H2
Growth arrest-specific protein 6 (Gas-6) PUBMED:9163328

Gene Ontology

Cellular component	extracellular region (GO:0005576)
Molecular function	calcium ion binding (GO:0005509)

External database links

PANDIT:	PF00594
PROSITE:	PDOC00011
SCOP:	1cfi
SYSTERS:	Gla

Domain organisation

Below is a listing of the unique domain organisations or architectures in which this domain is found. More...

Loading domain graphics...

Alignments

There are various ways to view or download the sequence alignments that we store. You can use a sequence viewer to look at either the seed or full alignment for the family, or you can look at a plain text version of the sequence in a variety of different formats. More...

View options

Alignment:	Seed (29) Full (352) NCBI (953) Metagenomics
Viewer:

Formatting options

Alignment:	Seed (29) Full (352)
Format:
Order:	Tree Alphabetical
Sequence:	Inserts lower case All upper case
Gaps:
Download/view:	Download View

Download options

Very large alignments can often cause problems for the formatting tool above. If you find that downloading or viewing a large alignment is problematic, you can also download a gzip-compressed, Stockholm-format file containing the seed or full alignment for this family.

You can also download a FASTA format file containing the full-length sequences for all sequences in the full alignment.

The main seed and full alignments are generated using sequences from the UniProt sequence database. However, we also generate alignments using sequences from the NCBI sequence database and the "metaseq" metagenomics dataset.

You can view alignments from these two additional datasets using the form above, or you can download alignments of NCBI or metagenomics sequences, as gzip-compressed files.

Pfam alignments:	Seed (29) Full (352) NCBI (953) Metagenomics
Full length sequences	Full-sequences (352)

External links

MyHits provides a collection of tools to handle multiple sequence alignments. For example, one can refine a seed alignment (sequence addition or removal, re-alignment or manual edition) and then search databases for remote homologs using HMMER2.

HMM logo

HMM logos is one way of visualising profile HMMs. Logos provide a quick overview of the properties of an HMM in a graphical form. You can see a more detailed description of HMM logos and find out how you can interpret them here. More...

Trees

This page displays the phylogenetic tree for this family. We use FastTree to calculate neighbour join trees with a local bootstrap based on 100 resamples (shown next to the tree nodes). FastTree calculates approximately-maximum-likelihood phylogenetic trees from our seed or full alignments.

Note: You can also download the data files for the seed, full, NCBI or metagenomics trees.

Curation and family details

This section shows the detailed information about the Pfam family. You can see the definitions of many of the terms in this section in the glossary and a fuller explanation of the scoring system that we use in the scores section of the help pages.

Curation

Seed source:

Prosite.

Previous IDs:

gla;

Type:

Domain

Author:

Bateman A

Number in seed:

29

Number in full:

352

Average length of the domain:

41.00 aa

Average identity of full alignment:

40 %

Average coverage of the sequence by the domain:

12.16 %

HMM information

HMM build commands:

build method: hmmbuild -o /dev/null HMM SEED

search method: hmmsearch -Z 9421015 -E 1000 HMM pfamseq

Model details:

Parameter	Sequence	Domain
Gathering cut-off	20.4	20.4
Trusted cut-off	21.6	20.8
Noise cut-off	18.5	18.4

Model length:

42

Family (HMM) version:

13

Download:

download the raw HMM for this family

Species distribution

Tree controls

Hide

The tree shows the occurrence of this domain across different species. More...

Species trees

We show the species tree in one of two ways. For smaller trees we try to show an interactive representation, which allows you to select specific nodes in the tree and view them as an alignment or as a set of Pfam domain graphics.

Unfortunately we have found that there are problems viewing the interactive tree when the it becomes larger than a certain limit. Furthermore, we have found that Internet Explorer can become unresponsive when viewing some trees, regardless of their size. We therefore show a text representation of the species tree when the size is above a certain limit or if you are using Internet Explorer to view the site.

If you are using IE you can still load the interactive tree by clicking the "Generate interactive tree" button, but please be aware of the potential problems that the interactive species tree can cause.

Interactive tree

For all of the domain matches in a full alignment, we count the number that are found on all sequences in the alignment. This total is shown in the purple box.

We also count the number of unique sequences on which each domain is found, which is shown in green. Note that a domain may appear multiple times on the same sequence, leading to the difference between these two numbers.

Finally, we group sequences from the same organism according to the NCBI code that is assigned by UniProt, allowing us to count the number of distinct sequences on which the domain is found. This value is shown in the pink boxes.

We use the NCBI species tree to group organisms according to their taxonomy and this forms the structure of the displayed tree. Note that in some cases the trees are too large (have too many nodes) to allow us to build an interactive tree, but in most cases you can still view the tree in a plain text, non-interactive representation. Those species which are represented in the seed alignment for this domain are highlighted.

You can use the tree controls to manipulate how the interactive tree is displayed:

show/hide the summary boxes
highlight species that are represented in the seed alignment
expand/collapse the tree or expand it to a given depth
select a sub-tree or a set of species within the tree and view them graphically or as an alignment
save a plain text representation of the tree

Loading...

Interactions

There are 2 interactions for this family. More...

Kringle EGF

Structures

For those sequences which have a structure in the Protein DataBank, we use the mapping between UniProt, PDB and Pfam coordinate systems from the MSD group, to allow us to map Pfam domains onto UniProt sequences and three-dimensional protein structures. The table below shows the structures on which the Gla domain has been found.

Loading structure mapping...

Family: Gla (PF00594)

Jump to...