Summary

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase catalytic domain

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase catalyses the covalent attachment of ADP-ribose units from NAD+ to itself and to a limited number of other DNA binding proteins, which decreases their affinity for DNA. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase is a regulatory component induced by DNA damage. The carboxyl-terminal region is the most highly conserved region of the protein. Experiments have shown that a carboxyl 40 kDa fragment is still catalytically active [2].

Literature references

Ruf A, Mennissier de Murcia J, de Murcia G, Schulz GE; , Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996;93:7481-7485.: Structure of the catalytic fragment of poly(AD-ribose) polymerase from chicken. PUBMED:8755499
Simonin F, Hofferer L, Panzeter PL, Muller S, de Murcia G, Althaus FR; , J Biol Chem 1993;268:13454-13461.: The carboxyl-terminal domain of human poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. Overproduction in Escherichia coli, large scale purification, and characterization. PUBMED:8390463
Ruf A, de Murcia G, Schulz GE; , Biochemistry 1998;37:3893-3900.: Inhibitor and NAD+ binding to poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase as derived from crystal structures and homology modeling. PUBMED:9521710

InterPro entry IPR012317

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARP) are a family of enzymes present in eukaryotes, which catalyze the poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of a limited number of proteins involved in chromatin architecture, DNA repair, or in DNA metabolism, including PARP itself. PARP, also known as poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase and poly(ADP-ribose) transferase, transfers the ADP-ribose moiety from its substrate, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), to carboxylate groups of aspartic and glutamic residues. Whereas some PARPs might function in genome protection, others appear to play different roles in the cell, including telomere replication and cellular transport. PARP-1 is a multifunctional enzyme. The polypeptide has a highly conserved modular organization consisting of an N-terminal DNA-binding domain, a central regulating segment, and a C-terminal or F region accommodating the catalytic centre. The F region is composed of two parts: a purely alpha-helical N- terminal domain (alpha-hd), and the mixed alpha/beta C-terminal catalytic domain bearing the putative NAD binding site. Although proteins of the PARP family are related through their PARP catalytic domain, they do not resemble each other outside of that region, but rather, they contain unique domains that distinguish them from each other and hint at their discrete functions. Domains with which the PARP catalytic domain is found associated include zinc fingers, SAP, ankyrin, BRCT, Macro, SAM, WWE and UIM domains PUBMED:8016868, PUBMED:15273990, PUBMED:15561303.

The alpha-hd domain is about 130 amino acids in length and consists of an up-up-down-up-down-down motif of helices. It is thought to relay the activation signal issued on binding to damaged DNA PUBMED:8755499, PUBMED:14739238. The PARP catalytic domain is about 230 residues in length. Its core consists of a five-stranded antiparallel beta-sheet and four-stranded mixed beta-sheet. The two sheets are consecutive and are connected via a single pair of hydrogen bonds between two strands that run at an angle of 90 degrees. These central beta-sheets are surrounded by five alpha-helices, three 3(10)-helices, and by a three- and a two-stranded beta-sheet in a 37-residue excursion between two central beta-strands PUBMED:8755499, PUBMED:14739238. The active site, known as the 'PARP signature' is formed by a block of 50 amino acids that is strictly conserved among the vertebrates and highly conserved among all species. The 'PARP signature' is characteristic of all PARP protein family members. It is formed by a segment of conserved amino acid residues formed by a beta-sheet, an alpha-helix, a 3(10)-helix, a beta-sheet, and an alpha-helix PUBMED:15561303.

Clan

This family is a member of clan ADP-ribosyl (CL0084), which contains the following 6 members:

ART Binary_toxA Diphtheria_C Enterotoxin_a PARP Pertussis_S1

Gene Ontology

Cellular component	nucleus (GO:0005634)
Molecular function	NAD+ ADP-ribosyltransferase activity (GO:0003950)

External database links

PANDIT:	PF00644
SCOP:	1paw
SYSTERS:	PARP

Domain organisation

Below is a listing of the unique domain organisations or architectures in which this domain is found. More...

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Alignments

There are various ways to view or download the sequence alignments that we store. You can use a sequence viewer to look at either the seed or full alignment for the family, or you can look at a plain text version of the sequence in a variety of different formats. More...

View options

Alignment:	Seed (28) Full (598) NCBI (963) Metagenomics (57)
Viewer:

Formatting options

Alignment:	Seed (28) Full (598)
Format:
Order:	Tree Alphabetical
Sequence:	Inserts lower case All upper case
Gaps:
Download/view:	Download View

Download options

Very large alignments can often cause problems for the formatting tool above. If you find that downloading or viewing a large alignment is problematic, you can also download a gzip-compressed, Stockholm-format file containing the seed or full alignment for this family.

You can also download a FASTA format file containing the full-length sequences for all sequences in the full alignment.

The main seed and full alignments are generated using sequences from the UniProt sequence database. However, we also generate alignments using sequences from the NCBI sequence database and the "metaseq" metagenomics dataset.

You can view alignments from these two additional datasets using the form above, or you can download alignments of NCBI or metagenomics sequences, as gzip-compressed files.

Pfam alignments:	Seed (28) Full (598) NCBI (963) Metagenomics (57)
Full length sequences	Full-sequences (598)

External links

MyHits provides a collection of tools to handle multiple sequence alignments. For example, one can refine a seed alignment (sequence addition or removal, re-alignment or manual edition) and then search databases for remote homologs using HMMER2.

HMM logo

HMM logos is one way of visualising profile HMMs. Logos provide a quick overview of the properties of an HMM in a graphical form. You can see a more detailed description of HMM logos and find out how you can interpret them here. More...

Trees

This page displays the phylogenetic tree for this family. We use FastTree to calculate neighbour join trees with a local bootstrap based on 100 resamples (shown next to the tree nodes). FastTree calculates approximately-maximum-likelihood phylogenetic trees from our seed or full alignments.

Note: You can also download the data files for the seed, full, NCBI or metagenomics trees.

Curation and family details

This section shows the detailed information about the Pfam family. You can see the definitions of many of the terms in this section in the glossary and a fuller explanation of the scoring system that we use in the scores section of the help pages.

Curation

Seed source:

Bateman A

Previous IDs:

none

Type:

Family

Author:

Bateman A, Griffiths-Jones SR

Number in seed:

28

Number in full:

598

Average length of the domain:

180.00 aa

Average identity of full alignment:

21 %

Average coverage of the sequence by the domain:

22.84 %

HMM information

HMM build commands:

build method: hmmbuild -o /dev/null HMM SEED

search method: hmmsearch -Z 9421015 -E 1000 HMM pfamseq

Model details:

Parameter	Sequence	Domain
Gathering cut-off	23.9	23.9
Trusted cut-off	23.9	23.9
Noise cut-off	23.7	23.8

Model length:

205

Family (HMM) version:

13

Download:

download the raw HMM for this family

Species distribution

Tree controls

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The tree shows the occurrence of this domain across different species. More...

Species trees

We show the species tree in one of two ways. For smaller trees we try to show an interactive representation, which allows you to select specific nodes in the tree and view them as an alignment or as a set of Pfam domain graphics.

Unfortunately we have found that there are problems viewing the interactive tree when the it becomes larger than a certain limit. Furthermore, we have found that Internet Explorer can become unresponsive when viewing some trees, regardless of their size. We therefore show a text representation of the species tree when the size is above a certain limit or if you are using Internet Explorer to view the site.

If you are using IE you can still load the interactive tree by clicking the "Generate interactive tree" button, but please be aware of the potential problems that the interactive species tree can cause.

Interactive tree

For all of the domain matches in a full alignment, we count the number that are found on all sequences in the alignment. This total is shown in the purple box.

We also count the number of unique sequences on which each domain is found, which is shown in green. Note that a domain may appear multiple times on the same sequence, leading to the difference between these two numbers.

Finally, we group sequences from the same organism according to the NCBI code that is assigned by UniProt, allowing us to count the number of distinct sequences on which the domain is found. This value is shown in the pink boxes.

We use the NCBI species tree to group organisms according to their taxonomy and this forms the structure of the displayed tree. Note that in some cases the trees are too large (have too many nodes) to allow us to build an interactive tree, but in most cases you can still view the tree in a plain text, non-interactive representation. Those species which are represented in the seed alignment for this domain are highlighted.

You can use the tree controls to manipulate how the interactive tree is displayed:

show/hide the summary boxes
highlight species that are represented in the seed alignment
expand/collapse the tree or expand it to a given depth
select a sub-tree or a set of species within the tree and view them graphically or as an alignment
save a plain text representation of the tree

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Interactions

There are 2 interactions for this family. More...

PARP_reg PARP

Structures

For those sequences which have a structure in the Protein DataBank, we use the mapping between UniProt, PDB and Pfam coordinate systems from the MSD group, to allow us to map Pfam domains onto UniProt sequences and three-dimensional protein structures. The table below shows the structures on which the PARP domain has been found.

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Family: PARP (PF00644)

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