Summary

Exostosin family

The EXT family is a family of tumour suppressor genes. Mutations of EXT1 Q16394 on 8q24.1, EXT2 Q93063 on 11p11-13, and EXT3 on 19p have been associated with the autosomal dominant disorder known as hereditary multiple exostoses (HME). This is the most common known skeletal dysplasia. The chromosomal locations of other EXT genes suggest association with other forms of neoplasia. EXT1 and EXT2 have both been shown to encode a heparan sulphate polymerase with both D-glucuronyl (GlcA) and N-acetyl-D-glucosaminoglycan (GlcNAC) transferase activities [1]. The nature of the defect in heparan sulphate biosynthesis in HME is unclear.

Literature references

Lind T, Tufaro F, McCormick C, Lindahl U, Lidholt K; , J Biol Chem 1998;273:26265-26268.: The putative tumor suppressors EXT1 and EXT2 are glycosyltransferases required for the biosynthesis of heparan sulfate. PUBMED:9756849

InterPro entry IPR004263

Hereditary multiple exostoses (EXT) is an autosomal dominant disorder that is characterised by the appearance of multiple outgrowths of the long bones (exostoses) at their epiphyses PUBMED:9473480. Mutations in two homologous genes, EXT1 and EXT2, are responsible for the EXT syndrome. The human and mouse EXT genes have at least two homologs in the invertebrate Caenorhabditis elegans, indicating that they do not function exclusively as regulators of bone growth. EXT1 and EXT2 have both been shown to encode glycosyltransferases involved in the chain elongation step of heparan sulphate biosynthesis PUBMED:9756849.

Gene Ontology

Cellular component

membrane (GO:0016020)

External database links

CAZY:	GT_47
PANDIT:	PF03016
SYSTERS:	Exostosin

Domain organisation

Below is a listing of the unique domain organisations or architectures in which this domain is found. More...

Loading domain graphics...

Alignments

There are various ways to view or download the sequence alignments that we store. You can use a sequence viewer to look at either the seed or full alignment for the family, or you can look at a plain text version of the sequence in a variety of different formats. More...

View options

Alignment:	Seed (36) Full (760) NCBI (1265) Metagenomics (272)
Viewer:

Formatting options

Alignment:	Seed (36) Full (760)
Format:
Order:	Tree Alphabetical
Sequence:	Inserts lower case All upper case
Gaps:
Download/view:	Download View

Download options

Very large alignments can often cause problems for the formatting tool above. If you find that downloading or viewing a large alignment is problematic, you can also download a gzip-compressed, Stockholm-format file containing the seed or full alignment for this family.

You can also download a FASTA format file containing the full-length sequences for all sequences in the full alignment.

The main seed and full alignments are generated using sequences from the UniProt sequence database. However, we also generate alignments using sequences from the NCBI sequence database and the "metaseq" metagenomics dataset.

You can view alignments from these two additional datasets using the form above, or you can download alignments of NCBI or metagenomics sequences, as gzip-compressed files.

Pfam alignments:	Seed (36) Full (760) NCBI (1265) Metagenomics (272)
Full length sequences	Full-sequences (760)

External links

MyHits provides a collection of tools to handle multiple sequence alignments. For example, one can refine a seed alignment (sequence addition or removal, re-alignment or manual edition) and then search databases for remote homologs using HMMER2.

HMM logo

HMM logos is one way of visualising profile HMMs. Logos provide a quick overview of the properties of an HMM in a graphical form. You can see a more detailed description of HMM logos and find out how you can interpret them here. More...

Trees

This page displays the phylogenetic tree for this family. We use FastTree to calculate neighbour join trees with a local bootstrap based on 100 resamples (shown next to the tree nodes). FastTree calculates approximately-maximum-likelihood phylogenetic trees from our seed or full alignments.

Note: You can also download the data files for the seed, full, NCBI or metagenomics trees.

Curation and family details

This section shows the detailed information about the Pfam family. You can see the definitions of many of the terms in this section in the glossary and a fuller explanation of the scoring system that we use in the scores section of the help pages.

Curation

Seed source:

Pfam-B_2031 (release 6.4)

Previous IDs:

none

Type:

Family

Author:

Mifsud W

Number in seed:

36

Number in full:

760

Average length of the domain:

269.50 aa

Average identity of full alignment:

20 %

Average coverage of the sequence by the domain:

52.94 %

HMM information

HMM build commands:

build method: hmmbuild -o /dev/null HMM SEED

search method: hmmsearch -Z 9421015 -E 1000 HMM pfamseq

Model details:

Parameter	Sequence	Domain
Gathering cut-off	20.6	20.6
Trusted cut-off	20.7	20.9
Noise cut-off	20.4	20.4

Model length:

304

Family (HMM) version:

8

Download:

download the raw HMM for this family

Species distribution

Tree controls

Hide

The tree shows the occurrence of this domain across different species. More...

Species trees

We show the species tree in one of two ways. For smaller trees we try to show an interactive representation, which allows you to select specific nodes in the tree and view them as an alignment or as a set of Pfam domain graphics.

Unfortunately we have found that there are problems viewing the interactive tree when the it becomes larger than a certain limit. Furthermore, we have found that Internet Explorer can become unresponsive when viewing some trees, regardless of their size. We therefore show a text representation of the species tree when the size is above a certain limit or if you are using Internet Explorer to view the site.

If you are using IE you can still load the interactive tree by clicking the "Generate interactive tree" button, but please be aware of the potential problems that the interactive species tree can cause.

Interactive tree

For all of the domain matches in a full alignment, we count the number that are found on all sequences in the alignment. This total is shown in the purple box.

We also count the number of unique sequences on which each domain is found, which is shown in green. Note that a domain may appear multiple times on the same sequence, leading to the difference between these two numbers.

Finally, we group sequences from the same organism according to the NCBI code that is assigned by UniProt, allowing us to count the number of distinct sequences on which the domain is found. This value is shown in the pink boxes.

We use the NCBI species tree to group organisms according to their taxonomy and this forms the structure of the displayed tree. Note that in some cases the trees are too large (have too many nodes) to allow us to build an interactive tree, but in most cases you can still view the tree in a plain text, non-interactive representation. Those species which are represented in the seed alignment for this domain are highlighted.

You can use the tree controls to manipulate how the interactive tree is displayed:

show/hide the summary boxes
highlight species that are represented in the seed alignment
expand/collapse the tree or expand it to a given depth
select a sub-tree or a set of species within the tree and view them graphically or as an alignment
save a plain text representation of the tree

Loading...

Family: Exostosin (PF03016)

Jump to...