Copper amine oxidase N-terminal domain

Copper amine oxidases catalyse the oxidative deamination of primary amines to the corresponding aldehydes, while reducing molecular oxygen to hydrogen peroxide. These enzymes are dimers of identical subunits, each comprising four domains. The N-terminal domain, which is absent in some amine oxidases, consists of a five-stranded antiparallel beta sheet twisted around an alpha helix. The D1 domains from the two subunits comprise the 'stalk' of the mushroom-shaped dimer, and interact with each other but do not pack tightly against each other [1,2].

Literature references

1. Parsons MR, Convery MA, Wilmot CM, Yadav KD, Blakeley V, Corner AS, Phillips SE, McPherson MJ, Knowles PF; , Structure 1995;3:1171-1184.: Crystal structure of a quinoenzyme: copper amine oxidase of Escherichia coli at 2 A resolution. PUBMED:8591028

2. Wilmot CM, Hajdu J, McPherson MJ, Knowles PF, Phillips SE; , Science 1999;286:1724-1728.: Visualization of dioxygen bound to copper during enzyme catalysis. PUBMED:10576737

InterPro entry IPR012854

Amine oxidases (AO) are enzymes that catalyse the oxidation of a wide range of biogenic amines including many neurotransmitters, histamine and xenobiotic amines. There are two classes of amine oxidases: flavin-containing () and copper-containing (). Copper-containing AO act as a disulphide-linked homodimer. They catalyse the oxidation of primary amines to aldehydes, with the subsequent release of ammonia and hydrogen peroxide, which requires one copper ion per subunit and topaquinone as cofactor PUBMED:8591028:

Copper-containing amine oxidases are found in bacteria, fungi, plants and animals. In prokaryotes, the enzyme enables various amine substrates to be used as sources of carbon and nitrogen PUBMED:9048544, PUBMED:9405045. In eukaryotes they have a broader range of functions, including cell differentiation and growth, wound healing, detoxification and cell signalling PUBMED:8805580.

The copper amine oxidases occur as mushroom-shaped homodimers of 70-95 kDa, each monomer containing a copper ion and a covalently bound redox cofactor, topaquinone (TPQ). TPQ is formed by post-translational modification of a conserved tyrosine residue. The copper ion is coordinated with three histidine residues and two water molecules in a distorted square pyramidal geometry, and has a dual function in catalysis and TPQ biogenesis. The catalytic domain is the largest of the 3-4 domains found in copper amine oxidases, and consists of a beta sandwich of 18 strands in two sheets. The active site is buried and requires a conformational change to allow the substrate access. The two N-terminal domains share a common structural fold, its core consisting of a five-stranded antiparallel beta sheet twisted around an alpha helix. The D1 domains from the two subunits comprise the stalk, of the mushroom-shaped dimer, and interact with each other but do not pack tightly against each other PUBMED:8591028, PUBMED:10576737.

This entry represents a domain found at the N-terminal of certain copper amine oxidases, as well as in related proteins such as cell wall hydrolase and N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase. This domain consists of a five-stranded antiparallel beta-sheet twisted around an alpha helix PUBMED:8591028, PUBMED:10576737.

External database links

Below is a listing of the unique domain organisations or architectures in which this domain is found. More...

There are various ways to view or download the sequence alignments that we store. You can use a sequence viewer to look at either the seed or full alignment for the family, or you can look at a plain text version of the sequence in a variety of different formats. More...

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You can also download a FASTA format file containing the full-length sequences for all sequences in the full alignment.

The main seed and full alignments are generated using sequences from the UniProt sequence database. However, we also generate alignments using sequences from the NCBI sequence database and the "metaseq" metagenomics dataset.

You can view alignments from these two additional datasets using the form above, or you can download alignments of NCBI or metagenomics sequences, as gzip-compressed files.

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MyHits provides a collection of tools to handle multiple sequence alignments. For example, one can refine a seed alignment (sequence addition or removal, re-alignment or manual edition) and then search databases for remote homologs using HMMER2.

HMM logos is one way of visualising profile HMMs. Logos provide a quick overview of the properties of an HMM in a graphical form. You can see a more detailed description of HMM logos and find out how you can interpret them here. More...

This page displays the phylogenetic tree for this family. We use FastTree to calculate neighbour join trees with a local bootstrap based on 100 resamples (shown next to the tree nodes). FastTree calculates approximately-maximum-likelihood phylogenetic trees from our seed or full alignments.

Note: You can also download the data files for the seed, full, NCBI or metagenomics trees.

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HMM information

There are 2 interactions for this family. More...

For those sequences which have a structure in the Protein DataBank, we use the mapping between UniProt, PDB and Pfam coordinate systems from the MSD group, to allow us to map Pfam domains onto UniProt sequences and three-dimensional protein structures. The table below shows the structures on which the Cu_amine_oxidN1 domain has been found.